Information and communications technology (ICT) would drive the acceleration of digitalization era, including dynamics of trade flow among ASEAN countries, both in low or high-tech also. Basically each country has different resources, and so why many factors must be known to be a winner. This aim of study was to analyze the impact of ICT existence on ASEAN trade flows. Panel data for 10 ASEAN countries for a period from 2012 to 2016 was employed to construct Gravity Model. To estimate that model, we applied Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML). All data came from World Bank, WITS, CEPII, IMF, and ITU. The result showed that ICT has significantly positive impacts on both trade flow ASEAN market. If we elaborated in detail, according to (a) the sector, ICT in trade of hi-tech commodities was more attractive effort than low-tech commodities and (b) the existence, the adult literacy rate as ICT skills was more dominant factor influenced in trade flow among ASEAN countries compare ICT access and usage. Some policy recommendations were how to develop workers' skills, mitigation issue on digital economy, and develop domestic ICT industry.
Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) aims to help the poor in accessing some of their food. Unfortunately, various obstacles and challenges are still found in the implementation that can potentially reduce the full benefits of BPNT. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of BPNT implementation in Yogyakarta City as a pilot area. A qualitative approach is used to answer it, supplemented by a variety of primary and secondary data. The primary data comes from a questionnaire based on an e-warong perspective and indepth interviews with relevant stakeholders, namely Ministry of Social Affairs, academics, social service, and other. Secondary data comes from the publication of the Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Cultural Affairs, Non-Governmental Institutions observing public policy, Statistics Indonesia, the Ministry of Social Affairs, the National Logistics Agency, and other. The Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) approach is specifically applied to measure the effectiveness characteristics of the BPNT implementation. The results showed that the implementation of BPNT in Yogyakarta City was generally effective but with a note when viewed from 6 accuracy indicators. The administrative dimension has not performed better than the others. Moreover, according to the interviews, the established dimensions still have a chance to decrease its performance due to various factors. Based on that finding, the government needs to improve food supply, infrastructure, and data collection mechanism. In addition, other suggestions are to improve BPNT based on beneficiary and region, and to increase the National Logistics Agency's involvement and performance to support BPNT and national food affairs.
Abstrak Kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan beras dianggap kurang populis dibandingkan progam pencapaian swasembada beras. Volatilitas harga beras dunia dikhawatirkan akan mengganggu kondisi perberasan nasional. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis (a) integrasi harga beras domestik di tingkat pasar dunia dan pasar regional, dan (b) dampak integrasi harga beras terhadap swasembada dan kesejahteraan pelaku ekonomi beras. Pendekatan analisis yang digunakan adalah metode gabungan, yaitu (a) error correction model (ECM), (b) index of market connection (IMC), dan (c) model persamaan simultan. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder tahun 1998-2017. Hasil analisis menunjukkan harga beras domestik terintegrasi dengan harga beras dunia pada rezim perdagangan terbuka bebas (tahun 1998-1999) dan terbuka terkendali (tahun 2000-2007 dan tahun 2008-2017). Sementara di tingkat regional, harga beras di Jakarta dengan beberapa kota besar lainnya tidak terintegrasi. Meskipun demikian, melalui transmisi harga beras yang terbentuk menunjukkan adanya trade off antara peningkatan kesejahteraan produsen dan konsumen saat rezim pasar terbuka-bebas dibandingkan rezim pasar terbuka-terkendali. Hasil analisis yang sangat menarik adalah kebijakan pasar bebas ternyata lebih merangsang peningkatan kesejahteraan produsen daripada rezim pasar terbuka-terkendali. Tingkat swasembada beras yang menurun mengindikasikan terjadinya realokasi sumber daya. Oleh karena itu, kebijakan perdagangan bebas bukan harus dihindari, tetapi dapat menjadi opsi kebijakan untuk membantu memenuhi kebutuhan beras domestik. Abstract Trust through the rice world market was not considered as a populist option than the reach of rice self-sufficiency. Its volatility could negatively affect on domestic rice condition. This research analyzed (a) integration of domestic rice price at the world and regional market level, and (b) its impact on the rice self-sufficiency and the welfare of rice economic agents. The approach used joint methods, includes (a) error correction model (ECM), (b) index of market connection (IMC), and (c) simultaneous equations model. Secondary data was used in the period year 1998-2017. The result shows that domestic rice price is integrated with world rice price in open market regimes (the year 1998-1999) and open controlled market regimes (the year 2000-2007 and year 2008-2017). While at the regional level, rice prices in Jakarta with some of the big cities were relatively not integrated. Rice price transmission has revealed a trade-off between increasing producer’s and consumer’s welfare on free-market regimes compared with open under control regimes. Moreover, surprisingly, the free-market policy was more stimulating to increase producer’s welfare than opened under the control regime. Rice self-sufficiency level decreasing represented resource reallocation. Hence, free trade rice policy is not a sin. It should be a potential option to help meet domestic rice needs. JEL Classification: C13, F13, F14
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