(64.10, 38.53, 36.50, 60.77 and 12.79 %, respectively) in FBG of the animals after 6 h, compared to 53.77 % for glibenclamide. Presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, proteins, fats and oils were observed in ME, EF and AF. Alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, fats and oil
Root bark preparation of Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae) is used in Nigerian ethnomedicine for treatment of infectious diseases. Extraction of the A. senegalensis powdered root bark with methanol-methylene chloride (1 : 1) mixture yielded the methanol-methylene extract (MME) which was fractionated to obtain the ethyl acetate fraction (EF). The EF on further fractionation gave two active subfractions, F1 and F2. The F1 yielded a lipophilic oily liquid while F2 on purification, precipitated white crystalline compound, AS2. F1 was analyzed using GC-MS, while AS2 was characterized by proton NMR and X-ray crystallography. Antibacterial and antifungal studies were performed using agar-well-diffusion method with 0.5 McFarland standard and MICs calculated. GC-MS gave 6 major constituents: kaur-16-en-19-oic acid; 1-dodecanol; 1-naphthalenemethanol; 6,6-dimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene-2-ethanol; 3,3-dimethyl-2-(3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyl)cyclohexane-1-methanol; 3-hydroxyandrostan-17-carboxylic acid. AS2 was found to be kaur-16-en-19-oic acid. The MICs of EF, F1, and AS2 against B. subtilis were 180, 60, and 30 μg/mL, respectively. AS2 exhibited activity against S. aureus with an MIC of 150 μg/mL, while F1 was active against P. aeruginosa with an MIC of 40 μg/mL. However, the extracts and AS2 exhibited no effects against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Therefore, kaurenoic acid and the lipophilic fraction from A. senegalensis root bark exhibited potent antibacterial activity.
Author PFU performed the plant collection, extraction, fractionation, phytochemical analysis, animal studies and the statistical analysis. Author PFU also did the literature search, participated in study design, wrote the protocol and the first draft of the manuscript. Author POO participated in study design, writing the protocol, fractionation and did the overall supervision of the work. Author EOO participated in study design, fractionation and phytochemical analysis while author MOA participated in plant extraction and fractionation.
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