Introducción. Entre las limitantes de los sistemas ganaderos del trópico alto colombiano está la estacionalidad forrajera. El uso de sistemas silvopastoriles podría maximizar la producción del alimento y garantizar oferta de nutrientes durante todo el año. Objetivo. Evaluar en Tithonia diversifolia y Sambucus nigra establecidas en un sistema silvopastoril, el efecto de dos edades y dos alturas de corte sobre variables morfométricas, producción y calidad nutricional. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en el Centro de Investigación Obonuco de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Pasto, Colombia, entre enero y noviembre de 2018. Se estableció un diseño de bloques al azar en arreglo factorial con cuatro tratamientos (dos edades y dos alturas de corte) por cada especie (T1:60 días*20 cm, T2:60 días*50 cm, T3:80 días*20 cm, T4:80 días*50 cm para T. diversifolia y T1:60 días*30 cm, T2:60 días*50 cm, T3:90 días*30 cm, T4:90 días*50 cm para S. nigra). Resultados. Las variables productivas mostraron significancia en T. diversifolia con mayor materia seca (MS) a 80 días (30,6 t ha-1 año-1) y S. nigra a 90 días (14,4 t ha-1 año-1); el número de ramas y rebrotes presentó mayores valores en T4 para T. diversifolia (127,10 ramas/arbusto y 819,65 rebrotes/arbusto). Las calidad nutricional de T. diversifolia y S. nigra fue significativamente mayor a los 60 días; con proteína cruda de 26,73 % y 26,25%, digestibilidad de 75,45% y 76,28%, y energía neta de lactancia de 1,58 y 1,60 Mcal kg-1 MS, respectivamente. Conclusión. La producción de biomasa (MS kg/arbusto) y capacidad de rebrote aumentaron cuando se cosechó a 80 días en T. diversifolia y 90 días en S. nigra; sin embargo, se presentó una mejor calidad nutricional a edades de corte de 60 días en el trópico alto de Nariño, lo que evidenció su potencial productivo para alimentación del ganado.
Introducción. La evaluación y selección de nuevas especies forrajeras con atributos apropiados de producción y calidad es una estrategia segura y eficaz para mejorar la eficiencia de los sistemas de producción de leche en Colombia. Objetivo. Describir el proceso de desarrollo y las principales características de Altoandina, nueva variedad de avena forrajera. Materiales y métodos. Durante el segundo semestre de 2016 se realizó una prueba de evaluación agronómica (PEA) en cuatro localidades de la subregión Altiplano Cundiboyacense y en cuatro localidades de la subregión Altiplano de Nariño, en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con dos genotipos de avena forrajera AV25-S y AV25-T y tres variedades (Avenar, Cajicá, Cayuse). Resultados. AV25-S y AV25-T presentaron: tolerancia al volcamiento, a diferencia de los tres testigos que mostraron un volcamiento superior al 30 %; resistencia a la roya de la hoja y del tallo y rendimiento de forraje verde de 64,6 y 65,3 t ha-1, respectivamente, superior al obtenido en Avenar (55,5), en Cajicá (43,7) y en Cayuse (59,1). Conclusión. AV25-T por su tolerancia a volcamiento, resistencia a la roya de la hoja y del tallo y rendimiento de forraje verde superior a las variedades comerciales, fue inscrita en el sistema nacional de cultivares como nueva variedad forrajera denominada Altoandina, con recomendación para la subregión Altiplano Cundiboyacense y Altiplano de Nariño.
Introduction. During decades, milk production in the Nariño state has depended on the Holstein breed. For this reason, it is necessary to evaluate a model of milk production that allows to decrease production costs and in turn improves the compositional quality of the milk. Objective. This study aimed to compare milk production and compositional quality of Holstein (HO) and the crossbreed between Kiwi Cross (KC) x HO. Materials and methods: Monthly milk production in HO cows (n=30) and the ones from the F1 of the KC x HO cross (n=40), was measured by adjusting the day in milk (DIM) and milk production by third of lactation, fat, protein and total solids. For the period between October 2016 and May 2017, 9,809 dairy production records were analyzed. Results: Maximum production was 25.8 ± 0.53 vs. 23.2 ± 0.53 l day-1 for HO vs. KC cows (p<0.05), respectively. The DIM was not different; however, in days 60, 90, 150, 180, 210 and 240 the HO group produced more milk than the KC group, with a persistence in the lactation peak until day 60, and from that point onwards milk production showed decreasing rates in both groups. Furthermore, the production per third of lactation was higher (p<0.05) in the first third compared to the second and third periods for HO (13.6±0.56 vs. 11.3±0.5723 and 9.9±0.47 l day-1, respectively) and KC (12.8±0.4505 vs. 10.6±0.66 and 9.5 ± 1.69 l day-1, respectively). Fat content was higher (p<0.05) in KC compared to HO in week one, three and five (4±0.07, 4±0.07, 4±0.07 vs. 3.6±0.12, 3.6±0.11, 3.7±0.09 %, respectively); likewise, protein in week one and four was higher in the KC group compared to HO (3.3±0.04 vs. 3.1±0.05 %; p<0.05). Total solids were 13.3±0.17 vs. 12.5±0.23% (p<0.05) for KC and HO cows, respectively in weeks two and five. Conclusion: Milk production in KC and HO was similar; however, KC improved performance in compositional milk quality, increasing the percentages of fat, protein and consequently, total solids.
In dry areas dominated by dual purpose cattle systems, the production of milk decreases significantly in the dry season. An alternative to maintaining production in the dry season is through the use of annual crops (corn and sorghum) to silage. The objective of this literature review was to compile information on aspects associated with the technology of green legume fertilizers and how they could be integrated into different agricultural and livestock production systems in tropical zones. Whether for crop production, animal feed or for use as hay directly. The use of forage crops to be sustainable requires the application of N since it is one of the most limiting elements to produce forage biomass. The use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers is limited by high costs, and they also have adverse effects, such as production and leaching of nitrates that contaminate groundwater with negative effects on human health and production of nitrous oxide, which is a potent greenhouse gas which has negative effects on global warming. An alternative to the use of chemical nitrogen is the use of N-fixing forage legumes as green fertilizers to supply the N required by forage crops, but the adoption of green manures in livestock systems is very low, possibly since the benefits obtained with their use are not reflected directly in milk production at critical times of the year, which is important for producers. It is necessary to select N-fixing legumes with high biomass production and drought tolerance and demonstrate that these legumes have positive effects directly in the dry season.
Introduction. The production and commercialization of raw milk in Nariño, Colombia, follows microbiological and compositional standards on which payment for quality is made. However, quality can be affected during its transport after milking. Objective. To describe the microbiological and compositional quality of raw milk in the highland tropic. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in seven municipalities in the department of Nariño, Colombia, during the rainy season between February and July of 2017. Two milk samples from the same milk can were collected, one after milking (farm; n = 10), and the second at the collection point (tank; n = 10). In each sample, the following variables were evaluated: height above the sea level of the collection site, aerobic mesophilic count (CFU), total coliform count (COL), milk temperature, fat (FAT), protein (PC) and total solids (TS). Results. The temperature of the milk was higher on the farm compared to the tank (30±0.68 vs. 23±0.87 °C, respectively). The aerobic mesophilic count was higher in the tank vs. farm (116,470 vs. 41,388 CFU ml-1, respectively). The temperature of the milk was negatively correlated with the distance and the transport time of the milk (-0.86 and -0.84, respectively). The compositional quality of the milk was not affected by transport conditions. Conclusion. In the high tropic conditions, the microbiological quality of raw milk was negatively affected by the increase in the aerobic mesophilic counts.
The intercropping of ryegrass and red clover constitutes a sustainable alternative to mitigate the adverse effects of intensive livestock production on grassland degradation by increasing forage yield and quality. The implementation of biofertilization technologies has been widely used to improve soil nutritional properties, and therefore has the potential to ensure the success of this multicrop system. To determine the impact of bioaugmentation on forage growth and quality, as well as the associate changes in the rhizosphere bacterial community, we evaluated the inoculation with two plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) under reduced nitrogen usage. Overall, Herbaspirillum sp. AP21 had a larger effect than Azospirillum brasilense D7 on plant growth. Inoculation with Herbaspirillum sp. AP21 together with 50% of the required nitrogen rate increased shoot dry weight, crude protein, and shoot nitrogen content, and decreased the amount of neutral detergent fiber. PGPB inoculation changed the rhizosphere bacterial community structure, which associated with forage growth and quality. We conclude that PGPB inoculation has the potential to improve the growth of the ryegrass-red clover system, decreasing the requirements for nitrogen fertilization.
Introducción. Se ha sugerido que el perfil lipídico en la leche bovina afecta la salud humana y se ha identificado que el ácido linoleico conjugado (ALC c9 t11) podría tener efectos anticarcinogénicos. En trópico alto se ha investigado el efecto de la alimentación sobre el perfil lipídico de la leche, pero pocos estudios se han hecho en trópico bajo. Objetivo. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de tres intensidades de pastoreo (1, 2 y 3 animales ha-1) en pasto Guinea cv. Tanzania (Megathyrsus maximus) sobre la producción, composición y perfil lipídico en la leche de vacas mestizas en diferentes tercios de lactancia. Materiales y métodos. De septiembre a octubre de 2013, se seleccionaron dos grupos de nueve animales (tres vacas en cada tercio de lactancia) y se asignó una vaca por tercio de lactancia a cada intensidad de pastoreo (tratamiento), durante 42 días de evaluación, en un diseño de cuadrado latino 3 x 3 replicado. Resultados. La producción de leche fue similar (p>0,05) entre tratamientos y fue mayor (p<0,05) en vacas en inicio de lactancia. Los tratamientos no afectaron (p>0,05) la composición de la leche, pero el tercio de lactancia tendió (p<0,10) a incrementar la concentración de sólidos totales y grasa. La grasa de la leche bovina en el pasto manejado con intensidad de pastoreo de 2,0 y 3,0 animales ha-1 tuvo una concentración mayor (p<0,05) de ALC c9 t11 y de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI), que cuando el pasto fue manejado con 1,0 animal ha-1. El tercio de lactancia no afectó (p>0,05) la concentración de ALC y AGPI. Conclusión. El manejo del cultivar Tanzania con intensidades de pastoreo de 2,0 y 3,0 animales ha-1, resultó en las concentraciones más altas de ALC (c9 t11) y AGPI en la grasa de la leche, lo cual podría tener efectos positivos en salud humana.
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