A verbal discrimination (VD) study phase was followed by a single-item (i.e., one item at a time) test phase. Prior right (R) items from the VD list were found to have higher old-new hit rates on the test phase than prior wrong (W) items. However, prior W items had higher hit rates than prior R items in terms of recognition of their intrapair function. These results were interpreted in terms of a high criterion model whereby an old test item must prossess a large number of frequency units before it is identified as being R. In addition, false recognition effects were demonstrated for new test items that were homophones of prior R items, but not for new test items that were homophones of prior W items. These results were interpreted in terms of a feature analytic extension of frequency theory.Both Erlebacher, Hill, and Wallace (1967) and Radtke and Foxman (1969) compared postcriterial recognition for wrong (W) and right (R) items on a verbal discrimination (VD) task, and found recognition to be substantially higher for R than for Witems (e.g., 99%vs 87% in the Erlebacher et al study). Recognition in these studies simply required old-new discriminations for old items (R and W) and new items. A correlated, but unexplored, question concerns S's further ability to discriminate between old items on the basis of their intrapair function (i.e., R or W). The present study introduced a methodology for testing the accuracy of functional, as well as old-new, discriminations. The Ss were given a standard study phase on a VD list and then a test phase in which items were exposed individually. Some of the test items were new (i.e., were not in the prior VD list) while the other items were either old R items or old W items. The S then decided whether they had functioned previously as R or W in the VD list.Predictions from frequency theory (Underwood, 1972) are clear regarding the effect of prior intrapair function on old item recognition. Old-new discriminations are based on the presence of situational response frequencies to old items, but not to new. Since the average number of units accrued to R items is greater than that for W items, discriminability from zero situational frequency should be greater for R than for W items. The earlier item recognition studies agree with this prediction, and there is no reason to predict otherwise in the single trial situation.
Job analysis can yield realistic job descriptions, which are roadmaps for recruitment, selection, and orientation. These systems improve leader performance by attracting qualified applicants, and by preparing the new leader. Therefore, an accurate job analysis can improve the success of the newly hired executive. To maximize results, the search team should conduct a contextual job analysis early in the process. Combining accurate job analysis with the leadership mandate should yield better prospects and a more successful executive. Job descriptions support leadership success. How can we strengthen this relation? I consider three questions about leadership selection: (a) Are job descriptions used for recruitment inaccurate? (b) How should the leadership search team move from recruitment to hiring? (c) How are applicants likely to view the recruitment and hiring process?Correspondence should be sent to Edward J. Pavur, Jr.
The present study tested the interconsequence generality of the learned helplessness phenomenon. Thirty-six rats received escapable, inescapable, or no shock in a shuttlebox. Intact triads were then randomly assigned to two groups. The first group was required to learn to escape shock via barpressing; the second was required to learn a six-unit maze for food reward. The shock-escape triads demonstrated the standard learned helplessness effect, with inescapable subjects inferior to escapable and unshocked animals . However, the triads tested in the appetitive situation did not exhibit learned helplessness, but rather, they exhibited a trauma-like effect, with both escapable and inescapable subjects inferior to no-shock control subjects on early trials. These findings demonstrated a limit to the generality of learned helplessness. It was suggested that learned helplessness follows the rules of stimulus and response generalization.
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