The anatomical location of adipose tissue might have direct implications for its functionality and risk of cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissue surrounding blood vessels may be thermogenically more active in specific areas of the body, releasing substances that regulate vascular metabolism. In humans, the phenotypic characteristics of adipose tissue surrounding the aorta and the cardiovascular disease risk that it might entail remain largely unknown. Here, we compared thermogenesis-related molecular features of human periaortic adipose tissue samples with those of subcutaneous adipose tissue, obtained by sternotomy from 42 patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. To determine the expression of genes related to energy expenditure and the levels of some adipokines, histological examinations, quantitative PCR, and protein expression measurements in adipocyte precursor cells were performed. Periaortic adipocytes were smaller than those from subcutaneous tissue. Moreover, weight gain induced periaortic adipocyte hypertrophy (r = -0.91, p<0.01). Compared to subcutaneous tissue, adiponectin, FABP4, IL-4 and IL-6 was decreased in periaortic adipocytes, whereas FGF21, UCP-1, PGC-1a, CITED1, Omentin and TFAM (Mitochondrial protein) increased. Upon analyzing patients’ clinical conditions, it emerged that the levels of PGC-1a both in male (r = -0.48 p<0.04) and female (r = -0.61, p<0.05) and TFAM in male (r = -0.72, p<0.0008) and female (r = -0.86, p<0.002) decreased significantly with progressive weight gain. However, no differences were observed in patients with diabetes mellitus 2 or Hyperlipidemia. Adipocytes surrounding the ascending aorta present markers of major thermogenic activity than those in subcutaneous tissue. Nevertheless, this characteristic might change, due to unfavorable metabolic conditions such as obesity, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Adipose tissue can affect the metabolic control of the cardiovascular system, and its anatomic location can affect the vascular function differently. In this study, biochemical and phenotypical characteristics of adipose tissue from periaortic fat were evaluated. Periaortic and subcutaneous adipose tissues were obtained from areas surrounding the ascending aorta and sternotomy incision, respectively. Adipose tissues were collected from patients undergoing myocardial revascularization or mitral valve replacement surgery. Morphological studies with hematoxylin/eosin and immunohistochemical assay were performed in situ to quantify adipokine expression. To analyze adipogenic capacity, adipokine expression, and the levels of thermogenic proteins, adipocyte precursor cells were isolated from periaortic and subcutaneous adipose tissues and induced to differentiation. The precursors of adipocytes from the periaortic tissue accumulated less triglycerides than those from the subcutaneous tissue after differentiation and were smaller than those from subcutaneous adipose tissue. The levels of proteins involved in thermogenesis and energy expenditure increased significantly in periaortic adipose tissue. Additionally, the expression levels of adipokines that affect carbohydrate metabolism, such as FGF21, increased significantly in mature adipocytes induced from periaortic adipose tissue. These results demonstrate that precursors of periaortic adipose tissue in humans may affect cardiovascular events and might serve as a target for preventing vascular diseases.

ResumenEl presente estudio tuvo como objetivo la caracterización histológica e inmunocitoquímica de la grasa infrapatelar de Hoffa (GIH) en 12 pacientes intervenidos por artroscopia, meningoplastia o remplazo de rodilla. Las fibras elásticas estuvieron presentes en la grasa infrapatelar con distribución unidireccional fascicular, se plantea una relación funcional en la biomecánicas del movimiento articular de la rodilla. Por otra parte las pruebas de inmunocitoquimica arrojaron marcaje positivo para vimentina, marcador de células del tejido conectivo; células mesenquimales y negativo para el resto de los anticuerpos estudiados. Palabras clave: grasa infrapatelar, biomecánicas, vimentina, inmunocitoquimica, fibras elásticas. Abstract Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of infrapatellar Hoffa's fatThis study aimed to histological and immunohistochemical characterization of infrapatellar fat Hoffa (GIH) in 12 patients undergoing arthroscopic, meningoplastia or knee replacement. Elastic fibers were present in the infrapatellar fat with unidirectional fascicular distribution, we propose a functional relationship in the biomechanics of the knee joint movement. Moreover Immunocytochemistry tests yielded positive staining for vimentin, a marker for connective tissue cells, mesenchymal cells and negative for other studied antibodies.

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Frequency‐domain estimate the distribution into low‐frequency (LF: 0.04–0.15 Hz) and high‐frequency (HF 0.15–0.4 Hz) bands. On the other hand, when analyzing norepinephrine and acetylcholine cell signalling time kinetics, the summation of such times once converted to frequencies in Hertz, match the previously mentioned LF and HF values.Materials and MethodsGoogle Scholar databases and National Library of Medicine, were searched for articles published from 2000 to 2019 related to the time kinetics involved in cell signaling, with the following combination of terms: 1) “Title (TI) = (FRET) AND TI = (BRET) OR ‘Activation time B1 adrenergic’ OR ‘Activation time M2 muscarinic’ OR ‘Gs Protein Activation’ OR ‘Gi Protein Activation’ ‘Time Kinetics’ OR ‘Adenylate Cyclase’ ‘Activation HCN4’ OR ‘Nodal Pace Marker’ OR ‘In Vitro Model Cells')]”. The inclusion criteria for each study included the ligand‐receptor interaction and time related signalling cascade involved in the depolarization or hyperpolarization of cells. Both database searches yielded 7 studies matching the inclusion criteria. Once all the times of cell signalling cascade were found or estimated for all receptors, such times were summed, they were converted to Hertz using the inverse relationship between time and frequency.RESULTSDatabase searches yielded 7 studies matching the inclusion criteria. For B1‐Adrenergic Receptor cell signalling cascade the estimated times were: Ligand‐Receptor‐Activation (0.045 s), Receptor Gs protein interaction (0.044 s), Gs protein activation (0.369 s), Adenylate Cyclase activation (28.8s), cAMP mediated activation of HCN4 (0.461 s), for a total of 29.76 seconds, yielding 0.0336 Hz.For M2‐Cholinergic Receptor the estimated times were: Ligand‐Receptor activation (0.750 s), Receptor Gi protein interaction (12 ns**), Gi protein activation (1 s), and Gi mediated Adenylate Cyclase inactivation (3 s), for a total of 4.75 seconds, yielding 0.211 Hz.DISCUSSIONB1‐Adrenergic Receptor cell signaling summed 29.76 seconds, yielding 0.0336 Hertz, a very close value to the 0.04 Hz of LF band. On the other hand, M2 Cholinergic receptor cell signalling time was 4.75 s, yielding 0.211 Hz, a value within the HF band range of 0.15 to 0.4 Hz. Such results coincide with the possibility of direct correlation of biochemical cell signalling and HF and LF bands spectrums. However due to the scarcity of biochemical studies, it is important to mention that during the estimation process there was two issues worth mentioning. First, B1 Adrenergic Receptor Gs Adenylate cyclase activation was roughly estimated. Second, for M2 Cholinergic Gi mediated AC inhibition, a A2‐Adrenergic receptor model was used. Despite the previously mentioned limitations, the current study results suggest the possibility that LF and HF band spectrum could be refined into smaller range of Hertz segments, which might correspond to the summation of time kinetics involved in cell signalling cascade related to the different adrenergic or cholinergic receptor subtypes.Support or Funding InformationPROSEIMThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

INTRODUCTIONIn educational scenarios of tissue diagnostics, cognitive skills with high GEFT scores are valued because they are associated with more rapid diagnoses, but perceptive or confidence errors can be presented. The objective of this work was to show that students with high GEFT scores do not observe all the tissue diagnostic patterns of Fibrous Histiocytoma stained with H&E.MATERIALS AND METHODSIndividually 63 medical students were challenge to diagnostic miscroscopic with digital image of Fibrous Histiocytoma stained with H&E, and while an eye track was made, diagnostic times of begin to finish was recorded. On other site and moment, too individually a Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) was madeRESULTSHigh scores (Between 25 and 20 of GEFT) n= 35 students) had less time to diagnostic Fibrous Histiocytoma (X 115.1 s, SD = 13,2); and correlation (r = −0.84 P = 0.0041). and low scores less than 7 of GEFT) n= 14 students) nedded more time to diagnostic Fibrous Histiocytoma (X 132,6 s, SD = 18,5); and correlation (r = −43,1 P = 0.037). intermedium scores (Between 19 and 9 of GEFT) n= 11 students) had correlation non linear with shape "U" inverted with the more diagnostic longer times (X 157,2 s, SD = 26,8). Interesting find with eye tracking show how high scores of GEFT, not see clasical cells pattenrs of Fibrous Histiocytoma, but watch only collagen bundles; and those with intermedium and lower scores GEFT watch collagen and fibroblast bundlesDISCUSSIONAs the laws of perceptual organization state that contrast cognitive loadis used for the recognition of GEFT, in students with high scores to GEFT a faster cognitive recognition processes to diagnostic Fibrous Histyocitoma is suggested with similar mechanism, achieving by visual search only to collagen bundles stained with H&E.CONCLUSIONSHigh scores on GEFT correlate with tissue diagnostic of Fibrous Histiocytoma stained with H&E more speeded, using patterns perceptive only to collagen bundlesThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.