This paper presents an adaptive noncommunication approach for line protections that are able to classify the fault as internal or external with respect to the relay protection zone for most of the faults in radial lines and for all faults in meshed networks. Basically, with a combination of the current traveling waves detected at the relay location due to fault and open switching operations with apparent impedance seen by relay, the remote breaker operation is detected and the faulted line is identified. The protection developed is selective and is not affected by power system oscillations. The system was simulated with the MICROTRAN, the results showing the feasibility of implementing this algorithm.
High penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) leads to new challenges for protection devices. Protection schemes are typically designed according to the dynamic behavior of rotating machines as generation sources, while the RES dynamic response, mainly governed by inverters, is not considered. Consequently, some relevant algorithms of transmission line protection are experiencing challenges because of the fact that magnitude and phase angle comparison, amount of negative-sequence, and short-circuit current level are affected by the RES. Therefore, an in-depth study of this issue is necessary, one which considers the main causes and new methodological criteria solutions. This work presents an extensive literature review of the evaluation of electrical protection performance and the effects of RES connected to a power grid through inverters. Bibliographic data on many representative publications related to this topic are obtained to show the current research lines and their proposed solutions. In addition, this work identifies the main protection functions affected and describes the new protection schemes that consider RES. Finally, an analysis and discussion of the selected bibliography are presented.
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