Transmission line protection challenges influenced by inverter-based resources: a review

Quispe, Juan Carlos; Orduña, Eduardo

doi:10.1186/s41601-022-00249-8

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…By contrast, the fault current typically provided by converters is limited to a range of 1.1-1.3 p.u. [2,3]. In addition to such lower fault current contribution [4,5], the fault characteristic differs from synchronous generators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Negative Sequence Injection Strategies on Faulted Phase Selector Performance

et al. 2022

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Renewable power is expected to increase drastically in the coming years due to the energy transition. A large part of the newly installed generators will be connected to the power system through inverters and electronic converters, whose behaviour differs from the generators connected synchronously to the network. One of the main differences is the current contribution during symmetrical and asymmetrical faults which can affect protection systems. New grid codes establish requirements for fast current injection, but the converter’s maximum current limitations during faults make it difficult to establish control strategies for such current contribution. This paper studies the performance of faulted phase selector algorithm of a commercial relay under the current contribution from renewables before unbalanced faults. Two positive and negative sequence current injection strategies in compliance with new Spanish grid code requirements are proposed and tested under fault conditions in HiL (Hardware in the Loop). Test results show that the selected injection strategy affects the fault phase identification algorithm. Furthermore, the negative sequence injection requirements established in the new grid code improve the relay performance when line-to-line faults are applied, but they are not enough to identify all fault types.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Negative Sequence Injection Strategies on Faulted Phase Selector Performance

et al. 2022

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“…The fault current characteristics of MMC-HVDC are somewhat different from those of synchronous generators because of the high controllability and limited overcurrent capacity of an MMC-HVDC, so that conventional relaying protection schemes may operate incorrectly [3]. References [4][5][6] investigate the influence of VSC-HVDC on the distance protection of AC lines connected to it, but a corresponding solution is not provided.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current trajectory image-based protection algorithm for transmission lines connected to MMC-HVDC stations using CA-CNN

Liang

Ren

et al. 2023

Prot Control Mod Power Syst

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In the presence of an MMC-HVDC system, current differential protection (CDP) has the risk of failure in operation under an internal fault. In addition, CDP may also incur security issues in the presence of current transformer (CT) saturation and outliers. In this paper, a current trajectory image-based protection algorithm is proposed for AC lines connected to MMC-HVDC stations using a convolution neural network improved by a channel attention mechanism (CA-CNN). Taking the dual differential currents as two-dimensional coordinates of the moving point, the moving-point trajectories formed by differential currents have significant differences under internal and external faults. Therefore, internal faults can be identified using image recognition based on CA-CNN. This is improved by a channel attention mechanism, data augmentation, and adaptive learning rate. In comparison with other machine learning algorithms, the feature extraction ability and accuracy of CA-CNN are greatly improved. Various fault conditions like different network structures, operation modes, fault resistances, outliers, and current transformer saturation, are fully considered to verify the superiority of the proposed protection algorithm. The results confirm that the proposed current trajectory image-based protection algorithm has strong learning and generalizability, and can identify internal faults reliably.

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“…There is a great difference in fault electrical characteristics between flexible HVDC transmission system and pure AC transmission system. Then, it has a certain impact on the conventional line protection currently running in the AC power network [11][12][13][14]. Therefore, this paper studies the pilot protection of the AC side of the MMC-HVDC converter station, which is of great significance to ensure the safe and stable operation of the AC/DC hybrid power grid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MMC‐HVDC AC side line protection based on positive sequence fault component current ratio

Huang,

Wang

2023

IET Generation Trans & Dist

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The high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission based on modular multilevel converter shows the weak feed characteristic of limited fault current amplitude when connected to the traditional AC power grid, which leads to the risk of sensitivity reduction or even failure of the traditional pilot protection. Here, a modular multi‐level converter (MMC)‐HVDC AC side transmission line protection scheme based on positive sequence fault component current ratio is proposed. The positive sequence fault component current of the MMC‐HVDC side is calculated by using the positive sequence fault component current of the power grid side, and the fault is identified through the significant difference between the ratio of the positive sequence fault component current of the MMC‐HVDC side and the actual positive sequence fault component current of the MMC‐HVDC side in the case of internal and external faults. This method has the advantages of simple principle, low requirement for synchronous data, not affected by capacitive current and strong resistance to high resistance. The simulation results show that the algorithm can correctly partition internal and external faults, and is not affected by fault location, fault type and operation mode of converter station, and has high sensitivity and reliability.

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Transmission line protection challenges influenced by inverter-based resources: a review

Cited by 33 publications

References 64 publications

Influence of Negative Sequence Injection Strategies on Faulted Phase Selector Performance

Influence of Negative Sequence Injection Strategies on Faulted Phase Selector Performance

Current trajectory image-based protection algorithm for transmission lines connected to MMC-HVDC stations using CA-CNN

MMC‐HVDC AC side line protection based on positive sequence fault component current ratio

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