GUTIÉ RREZ-FISAC, JUAN L., ESTHER LÓ PEZ, JOSE R. BANEGAS, AUXILIADORA GRACIANI, AND FERNANDO RODRÍGUEZ-ARTALEJO. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in elderly people in Spain. Obes Res. 2004;12:710 -715. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of obesity and overweight in the older adult population in Spain by sex, age, and educational level. Research Methods and Procedures:A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2001 in a sample of 4009 persons representative of the noninstitutionalized population Ն60 years of age. Anthropometric measurements (BMI and waist circumference) were obtained using standardized techniques and equipment. Overweight was considered at a BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m 2 and obesity at a BMI of Ն30 kg/m 2 . Central obesity was considered at a waist circumference of Ͼ102 cm in men and Ͼ88 cm in women. Results: The mean BMI was 28.2 kg/m 2 in men and 29.3 kg/m 2 in women. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in men was 49% and 31.5%, respectively. The corresponding percentages in women were 39.8% and 40.8%. The prevalence of obesity was higher in persons with no education than in those with third level education (i.e., university studies), especially among women (41.8% vs. 17.5%). The prevalence of central obesity was 48.4% in men and 78.4% in women. Differences by educational level were seen in only women, in whom the prevalence of central obesity was 80.9% in those with no education and 59% in those with third-level education. Discussion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Spanish adult elderly population is very high. Some other populations show similar prevalences, especially in Mediterranean countries. Socioeconomic conditions in Spain during the years these cohorts were born may partly explain the high-frequency of obesity.

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Several new symbiotic associations involving Syllidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) are reported. The number of known host sponge species infested by Haplosyllis spongicola is updated to 36, with seven hosts being reported for the first time (i.e. Aplysina corrugata, Aplysina sp., Cliona sp., Cliona viridis, Phorbas tenacior, one sponge from Iran, one sponge from Cambodia). Two infestation patterns (a few worms per host cm3 in temperate waters and 10s or 100s in tropical waters) are identified. The taxonomic and ecological characteristics of the species are discussed. Five associations occurring between four syllid worms and decapod crustaceans are fully reported for the first time. Syllis cf. armillaris, S.ferrani and S.pontxioi occurred inside gastropod shells occupied by hermit crabs as well as Pionosyllis magnifica, which was also found inside the branchial chambers of the giant crab Paralithodes camtschatica. The description of Pionosyllis magnifica is emended on the basis of the new specimens found, while some taxonomic remarks on Syllis cf. armillaris are given. In addition, further evidence of sexual (P.magnifica) and asexual (S. cf. armillaris) reproduction in symbiotic syllids is provided.

PionosyllisMalmgren, 1867 is revised based on a cladistic analysis of the 41 species considered herein as valid, two newly described species in this paper (Basidiosyllis victoriaeandOpisthodonta russelli), 11 species from other genera actually belonging, or related to,Pionosyllis, and 13 syllid species from different subfamilies. The phylogenetic analysis is based on 55 characters; a strict consensus of 1200 equally parsimonious trees (length = 314 steps) was obtained. The clades containing species usually included withinPionosyllisare newly named within the frame of a new Linnean classification of the group (except for one, belonging to another subfamily). The diagnosis ofPionosyllisis emended, and five new genera are proposed:Synmerosyllis,Basidiosyllis,Westheidesyllis,PerkinsyllisandBrevicirrosyllis.ParaehlersiaSan Martín, 2003, proved to be closely related toPionosyllis. Seven species are transferred toOpisthodontaLangerhans, 1879, here emended, and three transferred toNudisyllisKnox & Cameron, 1970 (according to San Martín & Hutchings, 2006).Opisthodonta uraga(Imajima, 1966) comb. nov. andPerkinsyllis longisetosacomb. nov. are redescribed.Pionosyllis compactaMalmgren, 1867,P. styliferaEhlers, 1913,P. giganteaMoore, 1908,P. enigmatica(Wesenberg-Lund, 1950), andNudisyllis magnidens(Day, 1953) comb. nov., are redescribed.Pionosyllis marquesensisMonro, 1939 andP. proceraHartman, 1965 likely belong to the Syllinae, thus they are not treated in the taxonomic account.

En este trabajo se han analizado las relaciones entre el clima motivacional, la motivación intrínseca, el comportamiento de los alumnos y su rendimiento académico en educación física. Para ello, 2189 adolescentes españoles de 13 a 17 años cumplimentaron cuestionarios sobre clima motivacional de la clase, motivación intrínseca y disciplina. Sus profesores valoraron el comportamiento de los alumnos y su rendimiento académico. Un Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales ha mostrado que el clima de aprendizaje, el interés/diversión y el esfuerzo/importancia predicen la disciplina; el clima de comparación, la percepción de competencia y la tensión/presión predicen la indisciplina; el interés/diversión y el esfuerzo/importancia predicen el comportamiento en clase; y que el mejor predictor del rendimiento académico es la valoración que los profesores hacen del comportamiento de los alumnos. Se discuten los resultados en el marco de la teoría de metas de logro y en términos de aportación al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los adolescentes. Palabras clave: Educación física, clima motivacional, motivación intrínseca, teoría de metas de logro, disciplina, adolescentes.

This study examined the relationship among pupils' perceptions of the motivational climate, pupils' perceptions of teachers' strategies to maintain discipline and pupils' intrinsic motivation in physical education. A sample of 2189 Spanish adolescents, ages 13 to 17 years, completed Spanish versions of the EPCM, SSDS, and IMI. Confirmatory factor analyses were carried out to confirm the factorial validity of the scales. Then, the relationship among the variables was explored through Structural Equation Modelling. The most important predictors of pupils' intrinsic motivation were the perceived mastery climate, and perceived teachers' emphasis on intrinsic reasons to maintain discipline. Perceived performance climate and perceived teachers' strategies to maintain discipline based on introjected reasons and indifference, predicted pupils' tension-pressure. Results are discussed in the context of theoretical propositions of self-determination theory and practical issues of enhancing adolescents' motivation in physical education.

Existe una creciente alarma social acerca de la violencia verbal por parte de los adolescentes en los centros educativos. El objetivo de estudio es conocer la percepción que tiene el alumnado de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria sobre la violencia verbal dirigida a compañeros y profesorado, identificando factores personales y escolares intervinientes. Se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa con la aplicación del cuestionario de violencia escolar percibida (CUVE-R-ESO) a 4467 alumnos de ESO (M=13.81; DT=1.38). Los resultados evidencian mayor presencia de violencia verbal entre compañeros (hablar mal unos de otros, extender rumores negativos sobre compañeros, poner motes o insultar) que violencia verbal hacia el profesorado (falta de respeto, insultos). El análisis inferencial muestra una prevalencia en la violencia verbal del género femenino de mayor edad, matriculado en cursos superiores de ESO y que ha repetido algún curso. Además, la violencia verbal entre compañeros es superior en centros rurales concertados, mientras que la violencia verbal hacia el profesorado es mayor en centros urbanos de carácter público, no existiendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la estructura familiar. En conclusión la violencia verbal en los centros educativos es una conducta prevalente que no es percibida como un problema alarmante por parte del alumnado.

This study provides an updated catalogue of non-indigenous species (NIS) of polychaetes reported from the continental coasts of the Iberian Peninsula based on the available literature. A list of 23 introduced species were regarded as established and other 11 were reported as casual, with 11 established and nine casual NIS in the Atlantic coast of the studied area and 14 established species and seven casual ones in the Mediterranean side. The most frequent way of transport was shipping (ballast water or hull fouling), which according to literature likely accounted for the introductions of 14 established species and for the presence of another casual one. To a much lesser extent aquaculture (three established and two casual species) and bait importation (one established species) were also recorded, but for a large number of species the translocation pathway was unknown. About 25% of the reported NIS originated in the Warm Western Atlantic region, followed by the Tropical Indo West-Pacific region (18%) and the Warm Eastern Atlantic (12%). In the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, nearly all the reported NIS originated from warm or tropical regions, but less than half of the species recorded from the Atlantic side were native of these areas. The effects of these introductions in native marine fauna are largely unknown, except for one species (Ficopomatus enigmaticus) which was reported to cause serious environmental impacts. In other cases, the displacement of native species or economic damages are suspected.