We describe a method to decipher the complex inter-relationships between metabolite production trends and gene expression events, and show how information gleaned from such studies can be applied to yield improved production strains. Genomic fragment microarrays were constructed for the Aspergillus terreus genome, and transcriptional profiles were generated from strains engineered to produce varying amounts of the medically significant natural product lovastatin. Metabolite detection methods were employed to quantify the polyketide-derived secondary metabolites lovastatin and (+)-geodin in broths from fermentations of the same strains. Association analysis of the resulting transcriptional and metabolic data sets provides mechanistic insight into the genetic and physiological control of lovastatin and (+)-geodin biosynthesis, and identifies novel components involved in the production of (+)-geodin, as well as other secondary metabolites. Furthermore, this analysis identifies specific tools, including promoters for reporter-based selection systems, that we employed to improve lovastatin production by A. terreus.
A series of totally synthetic molecules that are structurally related to the marine natural product ecteinascidin 743 (Et 743) has been prepared and evaluated as antitumor agents. The most active of these, phthalascidin, is very similar to Et 743 with regard to in vitro potency and mode of action across a variety of cell types. The antiproliferative activity of phthalascidin (IC 50 ؍ 0.1-1 nM) is greater than that of the agents Taxol, camptothecin, adriamycin, mitomycin C, cisplatin, bleomycin, and etoposide by 1-3 orders of magnitude, and the mechanism of action is clearly different from these currently used drugs. Phthalascidin and Et 743 induce DNA-protein cross-linking and, although they seem to interact with topoisomerase (topo) I (but not topo II), topo I may not be the primary protein target of these agents. Phthalascidin and Et 743 show undiminished potency in camptothecin-and etoposide-resistant cells. Phthalascidin is more readily synthesized and more stable than Et 743, which is currently undergoing clinical trials. The relationship of chemical structure and antitumor activity for this class of molecules has been clarified by this study.Ecteinascidin 743 (Et 743) is an exceedingly potent antitumor agent isolated from extracts of the marine tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinate that is currently undergoing phase II clinical trials as a result of its promising efficacy in preclinical antitumor tests (1-5). Although the detailed molecular mechanism of action still remains unclear, Et 743 has been reported to yield DNA sequence-selective alkylation of guanine N2 in the minor groove of duplex DNA (6). Additionally, bioassays for antimetabolic activities and enzyme inhibitions revealed Et 743 showed potent inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and of RNA polymerase activity but much less inhibition of DNA polymerase activity (7). Despite the minute human dosage of Et 743 currently being used in the clinic, Ϸ2 mg per person by i.v. infusion, the supply of this rare natural product is inadequate for large-scale studies. Consequently, a multistep total chemical synthesis has been developed to provide the amounts of Et 743 required for medical use (8). The availability of this synthetic process and the desirability of finding simpler and more stable structural relatives of Et 743 has led us to synthesize and evaluate new members of this class of substances. Described herein is the discovery of a number of compounds that significantly exhibit antitumor activity. The most potent of these, phthalascidin (Pt 650, Fig. 1
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