Diverse information about the Chilean palm Jubaea chilensis, an endemic species to the Chilean Mediterranean ecosystem, has been generated along the two last centuries. The objective of this review is to bring together in a single document all the information to date on this species. Diverse sources of information were considered, from where the information gathered was systematized and analyzed to be presented in five broad themes. J. chilensis belongs to the Arecaceae family, and can reach 33 m height and two m in diameter, making it one of the most massive palms. Is the southernmost palm in the Americas, and because of its massiveness, it can resist prolonged periods of drought and low temperatures. Therefore, the species is used ornamentally in many countries. Its original population has decreased dramatically in recent centuries due to land use conversion and harvesting. Although it is now a protected species, the Chilean palm is classified as having vulnerable preservation status. Its principal threats, as indiscriminate fruit harvesting and the decreased of vegetal cover, have led to the aging of the palm population without proper regeneration. More research at the species level is highly recommended. Three broad thematic areas should be the focus for deepening the knowledge about the species: biology, specifically in terms of ecophysiology and reproduction; determine its environmental requirements; and, resulting from the application of the knowledge of the first two themes, the reconstruction of its natural populations.Key words. Arecaceae, Butia, mediterranean ecosystem, palm honey, Parajubaea. RESUMENDiversa información sobre la palma chilena Jubaea chilensis, una especie endémica de los ecosistemas mediterráneos chilenos, ha sido generada a lo largo de los dos últimos siglos. El objetivo de esta revisión es reunir en un documento toda la información a la fecha sobre esta especie. Variadas fuentes de información fueron consideradas, desde donde la información reunida fue sistematizada y analizada para ser presentada en cinco temas generales. J. chilensis pertenece a la familia Arecaceae, y puede alcanzar 33 m de altura y dos metros de diámetro, convirtiéndola en una de las más masivas del mundo. Es la palmera más austral de América, y debido a su masividad, puede resistir periodos prolongados de sequía y bajas temperaturas. Es por esto que esta especie es utilizada como ornamental en muchos países. Su población original ha disminuido drásticamente en los últimos siglos debido al cambio de uso de suelo y las cosechas. A pesar de que ahora es una especie protegida, la palma chilena presenta un estado de conservación vulnerable. Sus principales amenazas, como la cosecha indiscriminada de sus frutos y la disminución de la cobertura vegetal, han permitido que las poblaciones de palmas envejezcan sin una regeneración apropiada. Más investigación al nivel de especie es altamente recomendada. Tres áreas temáticas deberían ser el foco para 184 A review of Jubaea chilensis

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the implementation of a Fleet Management System (FMS) that plans and controls the execution of logistics tasks by a set of mobile robots in a real-world hospital environment. The FMS is developed upon an architecture that hosts a routing engine, a task scheduler, an Endorse Broker, a controller and a backend Application Programming Interface (API). The routing engine handles the geo-referenced data and the calculation of routes; the task scheduler implements algorithms to solve the task allocation problem and the trolley loading problem using Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model and a Genetic Algorithm (GA) depending on the problem size. The Endorse Broker provides a messaging system to exchange information with the robotic fleet, while the controller implements the control rules to ensure the execution of the work plan. Finally, the Backend API exposes some FMS to external systems.Design/methodology/approach: The first part of the paper, focuses on the dynamic path planning problem of a set of mobile robots in indoor spaces such as hospitals, laboratories and shopping centres. A review of algorithms developed in the literature, to address dynamic path planning, is carried out; and an analysis of the applications of such algorithms in mobile robots that operate in real in-door spaces is performed. The second part of the paper focuses on the description of the FMS, which consists of five integrated tools to support the multi-robot dynamic path planning and the fleet management.Findings: The literature review, carried out in the context of path planning problem of multiple mobile robots in in-door spaces, has posed great challenges due to the environment characteristics in which robots move. The developed FMS for mobile robots in healthcare environments has resulted on a tool that enables to: (i) interpret of geo-referenced data; (ii) calculate and recalculate dynamic path plans and task execution plans, through the implementation of advanced algorithms that take into account dynamic events; (iii) track the tasks execution; (iv) fleet traffic control; and (v)  to communicate with one another external systems.Practical implications: The proposed FMS has been developed under the scope of ENDORSE project that seeks to develop safe, efficient, and integrated indoor robotic fleets for logistic applications in healthcare and commercial spaces. Moreover, a computational analysis is performed using a virtual hospital floor-plant.Originality/value: This work proposes a novel FMS, which consists of integrated tools to support the mobile multi-robot dynamic path planning in a real-world hospital environment. These tools include: a routing engine that handles the geo-referenced data and the calculation of routes. A task scheduler that includes a mathematical model to solve the path planning problem, when a low number of robots is considered. In order to solve large size problems, a genetic algorithm is also implemented to compute the dynamic path planning with less computational effort. An Endorse broker to exchanges information between the robotic fleet and the FMS in a secure way. A backend API that provides interface to manage the master data of the FMS, to calculate an optimal assignment of a set of tasks to a group of robots to be executed on a specific date and time, and to add a new task to be executed in the current shift. Finally, a controller to ensures that the robots execute the tasks that have been assigned by the task scheduler.

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At present, competitive globalized environments force enterprises to make more effort to both set up collaborative processes among networked partners and open their borders to the internationalization process. With this participation in internationalization processes, a set of barriers emerges that enterprises must overcome, particularly SMEs. The internationalization barriers are classified in four main dimensions, namely, strategy, technology, partners and product, which are considered to establish relationships between the internationalization and the collaborative processes. Accordingly, the research objective is to analyse the extent to which collaboration with international partners facilitates the internationalization process. A research survey was held with Spanish manufacturing SMEs to assess the internationalization of operations by establishing collaborative processes in global networks. Two surveys were conducted to analyse collaboration and internationalization concepts, and the influences among them: (i) a first survey, designed to validate the posed hypothesis about the relation between internationalization and setting up collaborative processes; (ii) a second survey, devised to perform a descriptive analysis that identifies less-applied collaborative processes in SMEs by establishing internationalization activities. The study results reveal that collaboration positively influences the internationalization process, and identifies the collaborative processes that are less performed among the partners that internationalize their operations.

The automotive sector operates under the just-in-time (JIT) approach, but variations in demand mean that first-tier suppliers generate an accumulation of stocks at second-tier suppliers. Second-tier suppliers have a limitation of storage space, reason to limit their production to the size of the warehouse, but always attending the first-tier demand plan. A further limitation of the second-tier supplier is the number of empty reusable containers that the first-tier supplier delivers to the second-tier supplier and that are used to package the injected plastic components. The reusable filled containers are returned to the first-tier supplier, according to the plastic components demand plan. Thus, a closed-loop logistic is carried out between first and second-tier suppliers. This study proposes, from the second-tier perspective, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for fleet sizing decisions of the cardboard containers in a production system. The model determines the number of cardboard containers that second-tier supplier has to use when the production is higher than the number of available reusable containers.

El propósito de este artículo es analizar los diferentes modelos y algoritmos utilizados para la optimización de planes de aprovisionamiento, producción y distribución en la cadena de suministro a través de las últimas revisiones de la literatura realizadas en este campo. Este estudio pretende proporcionar a los investigadores un punto de partida para la selección de modelos y algoritmos para la resolución de este tipo de problemas en la cadena de suministro y presentar varias líneas de investigación futuras.Palabras clave: Cadena de suministro; planificación; optimización; modelos; algoritmos; revisión de la literatura

In this article, a mixed integer linear program (MILP) model is proposed for the production, lot sizing, and scheduling of automotive plastic components to minimize the setup, inventory, stockout, and backorder costs, by taking into account injection molds as the main index to schedule on parallel flexible injection machines. The proposed MILP considers the minimum and maximum inventory capacities and penalizes stockout. A relevant characteristic of the modeled problem is the dependence between mold setups to produce plastic components. The lot sizing and scheduling problem solution results in the assignment of molds to machines during a specific time period and in the calculation of the number of components to be produced, which is often called lot size, following a sequence-dependent setup time. Depending on the machine on which the mold is setup, the number of units to be produced will be distinct because machines differ from one another. The stock coverage, defined in demand days, is also included in the MILP to avoid backorders, which is highly penalized in the automotive supply chain. Added to this, the proposed model is extended by considering setup common operators to respond to and fulfill the constraints that appear in automotive plastic enterprises. In this regard, the MILP presented solves a lot-sizing and scheduling problem, emerged in a second-tier supplier of a real automotive supply chain. Finally, this article validates the MILP by performing experiments with different sized instances, including small, medium, and large. The large-sized dataset is characterized by replicating the amount of data used in the real enterprise, which is the object of this study. The goodness of the model is evaluated with the computational time and the deviation of the obtained results as regards to the optimal solution.

Background Jubaea chilensis (Molina) Baillon, is a uniquely large palm species endemic to Chile. It is under threatened status despite its use as an ornamental species throughout the world. This research seeks to identify the phyllotaxis of the species based on an original combination of non-destructive data acquisition technologies, namely Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in saplings and young individuals and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) in standing specimens, and a novel analysis methodology. Results Two phyllotaxis parameters, parastichy pairs and divergence angle, were determined by analyzing specimens at different developmental stages. Spiral phyllotaxis patterns of J. chilensis progressed in complexity from parastichy pairs (3,2) and (3,5) in juvenile specimens and (5,3), (8,5) and (8,13) for adult specimens. Divergence angle was invariable and averaged 136.9°, close to the golden angle. Phyllotactic pattern changes associated with establishment phase, the adult vegetative and the adult reproductive phases were observed. Both technologies, MRI and TLS proved to be adequate for the proposed analysis. Conclusions Understanding phyllotactic transitions may assist identification of developmental stages of wild J. chilensis specimens. The proposed methodology may also be useful for the study of other palm species.