Purpose Understanding how the convergence between chronic and complex diseases—such as cancer—and emerging conditions of older adults—such as frailty—takes place would help in halting the path that leads to disability in this age group. The objective of this manuscript is to describe the association between a past medical history of cancer and frailty in Mexican older adults. Methods This is a nested in cohort case-control study of the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Frailty was categorized by developing a 55-item frailty index that was also used to define cases in two ways: incident frailty (incident >0.25 frailty index score) and worsening frailty (negative residuals from a regression between 2001 and 2012 frailty index scores). Exposition was defined as self-report of cancer between 2001 and 2012. Older adults with a cancer history were further divided into recently diagnosed (<10 years) and remotely diagnosed (>10 years from the initial diagnosis). Odds ratios were estimated by fitting a logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables. Results Out of a total of 8022 older adults with a mean age of 70.6 years, the prevalence of a past medical history of cancer was 3.6 % (n = 288). Among these participants, 45.1 % had been diagnosed with cancer more than 10 years previously. A higher risk of incident frailty compared to controls [odds ratio (OR) 1.53 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.04–2.26, p = 0.03); adjusted model OR 1.74 (95 % CI 1.15–2.61, p = 0.008)] was found in the group with a recent cancer diagnosis. Also, an inverse association between a remote cancer diagnosis and worsening frailty was found [OR = 0.56 (95 % CI 0.39–0.8), p = 0.002; adjusted model OR 0.61 (95 % CI 0.38–0.99, p = 0.046)]. Conclusions Cancer is associated with a higher frailty index, with a potential relevant role of the time that has elapsed since the cancer diagnosis. Implications for cancer survivors Cancer survivors may be more likely to develop frailty or worsening of the health status at an older age. This relationship seems especially evident among individuals with a recent oncological diagnosis. Health professionals in charge of older adult care should be aware of this association in order to improve outcomes of older adults who survived cancer.
Introducción: El cáncer es una de las principales causas de mortalidad en México y se espera que su tasa aumente en los próximos años, principalmente debido al envejecimiento de la población; sin embargo, pocos estudios exhaustivos evaluando la mortalidad por cáncer se han publicado recientemente. Objetivo: Proporcionar una actualización de la mortalidad por cáncer en México.
Introduction: Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in México and is expected to rise in the next years mostly because of an aging population. Nevertheless, only a few comprehensive studies of cancer mortality have been published recently. Objective: Provide an update of the cancer mortality in México. Material y methods: We analyzed official death certification using data-base from Instituto Nacional Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) and population trends from Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO). Results: There were 85,201 deaths from cancer in México in 2015 with an overall estimated rate 70.5/105 (men 70.6/105 and women 70.1/105). From 2010 to 2015, overall cancer mortality estimated rate has increased by 5.4% from 66.6 to 70.5/105. The first five types of cancer cause of death were: prostate 10.9/105, breast 10.1/105, cervical cancer 6.4/105, lung 5.7/105 and liver 5.2/105. Death rates for lung and cervical cancers have decreased since year 2000. Conclusions: Cancer mortality rates are still increasing in México, although, some types of cancer rates are beginning to stabilize. Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in México.
AimTo analyse the expression of adiponectin (ADIPOQ), and its receptors ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2, in breast cancer tissue of postmenopausal women with different body mass indexes (BMIs).Subjects and methodsOne hundred and fifty postmenopausal Mexican-Mestizo women with breast cancer were included. BMI was determined in each case. To carry out qualitative and semiquantitative assessments of protein expression by immunohistochemistry, the H-Score method was used, through ImageJ's IHC Profiler software. Statistical power of the study was >80% with a p<0.05.ResultsFifty women had a normal BMI, 50 presented overweight and 50 had obesity. The expression of ADIPOQ in breast cancer tissue of postmenopausal woman with normal BMI was higher in comparison to women with overweight or with obesity (p=0.002 and p<0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the expression of ADIPOR1 in breast cancer tissue of postmenopausal women with normal BMI was significantly lower when compared with women with overweight or with obesity (p=0.005 and p<0.001, respectively). Meanwhile, the expression of ADIPOR2 in breast cancer tissue, in the cytoplasm, was similar in all groups studied.ConclusionsWe found that women with overweight or obesity had a lower expression of ADIPOQ and a higher ADIPOR1 expression in breast cancer tissue, when compared with women with a normal BMI.
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