Introduction. In the face of the loss of vast territories at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, human resources, including the NKVD and the NKGB staff became the most important value, which were supposed to fight against violations of law and ensure state security in new places. The purpose of the article is to study the quantitative and qualitative composition of officers of the internal affairs and security bodies which were evacuated to the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from the Union republics of the USSR in July – October 1941. Materials and Methods. The source base of the study was made up of materials extracted from the fund of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Mordovian ASSR of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Mordovia. The methodology of the work is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, historical-genetic and idiographic methods, as well as quantitative analysis. Results. In the course of the study data was analyzed on where the evacuated personnel of law enforcement officers came to the MASSR, as well as the dynamics of the arrival of the evacuees by months, the timing of their stay on the territory of Mordovia. Discussion and Conclusion. The Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in July – October 1941 of the Great Patriotic War deployed on its territory 1 868 officers of internal affairs and state security agencies and their family members. The largest number of officers of the internal affairs and state security bodies came from the Ukrainian SSR; in second place was the Byelorussian SSR, in third one – the Lithuanian USSR. Much smaller number of employees were evacuated to Mordovia from the Latvian, Estonian, Moldavian and Karelo-Finnish Union republics. Many officers of the internal affairs and state security bodies were evacuated to the MASSR worked together at their former places of service. It could have a positive effect on the effective work of the newly reconstructed structures in the long run. Most of the officers of the bodies stayed on the territory of the MASSR for two months, after which they were sent to new places of service.
Introduction. The article is devoted to the nomenclature analysis of the command leadership of the internal affairs and state security bodies evacuated from the Union Republics of the USSR to the Mordovian ASSR in 1941. Materials and Methods. Within the framework of this study, materials located in the Central State archive of the Republic of Mordovia were used. To analyze the materials presented in the study, general scientific methods of analysis and systematization and specific historical methods were used: historical-genetic and historical-typological. Results. As part of the study, a conditional separation of the command staff of the evacuated employees of the internal affairs and state security bodies was carried out, then their analysis was carried out by positions at the previous duty station. Within the subcategories, the differentiation of employees by groups of similar positions was carried out and conclusions were drawn on the significance of these employees in wartime conditions. It should be noted that a significant number of senior staff arrived in the Mordovian ASSR from the Sumy region of the Ukrainian SSR, which was provided for by the evacuation plan. Discussion and Conclusions. The study has allowed us to confirm the importance of high-ranking evacuated law enforcement officers, which was confirmed by the short period of their stay in evacuation (1-2 months). A more detailed layout of senior staff by position allowed us to identify patterns for the most important evacuated “specialties” of the security forces.
Introduction. The abolition of serfdom confronted Russian landowner nobles with a new reality, when the possibility of using the resource potential of extremely cheap labor of serfs was firstly limited, and then completely disappeared. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the presence of a significant part of the nobleman’s debts, as a result of which almost a quarter of them did not receive redemption payments that went to pay off the debt. In these conditions, many nobles were in a situation of lack of funds. The main source of finding these funds for the local nobility were operations with the land, its sale or pledge. In this situation, the nobility was extremely interested in obtaining a long-term loan secured by land. This led to the emergence of land banks, the largest of which was the State Noble Land Bank, which carried out mortgage lending to nobles on favorable terms. His activity was of great importance for the development of the noble economy in the new conditions. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of mainly statistical materials reflecting the activities of the State Noble Land Bank. A study of the regional characteristics of his activities reveals the features of the main trends in the development of noble land ownership in certain areas of the Russian Empire. In the research process, comparative-historical, systemic, quantitative, statistical methods and complex analysis were used. Results. During the analysis of statistical data on the territory of the Kazan province, the reasons were identified that prompted the nobles to pledge their estates and caused the emergence of land banks, reflects the performance indicators of the State Noble Land Bank with the identification of train specifics. It was revealed that the preferential terms of credit provided to the nobles allowed him to become a major player in this area and receive the lion’s share of transactions on the issuance of loans secured by noble estates. Discussion and Conclusions. As a result, this led to the fact that by the beginning of the 20th century, the most of the land belonging to the nobility of the Kazan province was mortgaged precisely in the State Noble Land Bank. His activity allowed the nobles to less loss and to solve the problems arising in the new economic conditions. But, despite the measures taken by the government to support noble land ownership, a significant part of the nobles could not overcome them and was forced to sell their land. At the same time, in general, the Kazan province during the reviewed period had the lowest rate of reduction of noble land ownership.
Introduction. Historically the media occupy an important place in the life of society, shaping a person’s worldview and public opinion, they are one of the possible channels of communication between the authorities and the people. One of the types of print media is the periodical press. At the turn of the millennium, serious changes took place in Russia: a new model of the economy was being built up, political culture was changing, and the formation of a democratic and civil society was beginning. As a result, there was a sharp increase in the number of newspapers and magazines. The periodical press of Russia has changed not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively. The purpose of the article is to study the formation of the printed media of Mordovia in the first post-Soviet decade. Methods. Methods were applied such as comparative-historical, systemic, problem-chronological. For example, to track the changes that occurred during the period under investigation in the periodical press of Mordovia, the comparative method allowed. Consideration of the evolution of the means of printing is impossible without taking into account the socio-economic situation in the region, for which the system method was used. The main trends in the development of the printed media in Mordovia at certain stages of the period under study made it possible to reveal the problem-chronological method. Results and discussion. The spectrum of periodicals is revealed, the specificity of the most popular newspapers of Mordovia is revealed. It was concluded that the changes that occurred in the post-Soviet period in printed periodicals were not only quantitative but also qualitative. After the cancellation of media censorship, journalists were able to work freely and independently, raise previously closed topics, but at the same time there were some difficulties (“chernukha”), which eventually managed to overcome. The most popular were the independent social and political newspapers “Vecherniy Saransk” and “Stolitsa C”, which focused on the coverage of events taking place in Mordovia. The official publication of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Mordovia was the newspaper “Izvestia Mordovia”. The national press is developing: the newspapers “Erzyan Pravda”, “Mokshen Pravda”, and “Tatarskaya Gazeta”. In connection with the renunciation of the monopoly of the atheistic worldview, confessional publications appeared in Mordovia. Also there were publications of a gender orientation – the newspaper “Sudarynya”. At the end of XX century there appeared regional youth magazines (“Strannik” (“The Wanderer”)). In addition to social and political publications, scientific journals have been published at universities and research institutes of Mordovia. Conclusion. Thus, at the turn of the millennium the periodical press of Mordovia, despite a number of tests, developed. There were various printed publications: business, information-commercial, religious, literary and artistic, and many others. It is worth noting that the changes were not only quantitative, but also qualitative. After the cancellation of media censorship, journalists were able to work freely and independently, raise previously closed topics, but at the same time there were some difficulties (“chernukha”), which eventually managed to overcome. One of the new all-Russian tendencies of the late 20th and early 21st centuries was the appearance on the pages of newspapers and magazines of various advertisements, which became an integral part of the republican press. As a result, it can be noted that the periodicals of Mordovia successfully compete with federal publications, and, therefore, are in demand by the residents of the republic.
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