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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de plantas jovens de mogno-africano (Khaya ivorensis) em recuperar seu status hídrico e trocas gasosas após período de deficit hídrico. Plantas com aproximadamente 315 dias, irrigadas (controle) e não irrigadas, foram avaliadas aos 14 dias da suspensão da irrigação e após um, três e sete dias da retomada da irrigação (reidratação). No dia 14, o potencial hídrico foliar de antemanhã (Ψam) das plantas estressadas foi reduzido a -2,66 MPa. Com a restrição hídrica, foram observadas reduções significativas no conteúdo relativo de água na antemanhã (redução de 32%), na taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2 (90%), na condutância estomática (95%), na transpiração (93%) e na razão entre concentração intercelular e ambiental de CO2 (37%). Durante a reidratação, o status hídrico das plantas estressadas foi restabelecido após três dias. As trocas gasosas também se restabeleceram, mas de forma mais lenta que o status hídrico. Sob deficit hídrico, a concentração de prolina aumentou e a de carboidratos solúveis totais diminuiu. Plantas jovens de mogno-africano são tolerantes ao deficit hídrico moderado.

Crop damage by rice sheath blight, Rhizoctonia solani, can decrease rice yield by up to 45 %. The classical control method of rice sheath blight in the Amazon region is the application of fungicides. Therefore, we tested here the efficiency of a biocontrol agent, Trichoderma asperellum, and fungicides. Two experiments of rice cultivation were carried out with seven treatments: four isolates of T. asperellum, a mixture of the four isolates, the fungicide pencycuron, and the control. The first experiment involved a randomized block design, and seed and foliar spray on all plots. The second experiment involved a split-plot design with foliar spray in main plots and the 1-2 foliar sprays in subplots. Results show that all treatments reduced sheath blight progression rate. In the randomized block experiment T. asperellum reduced disease severity by 19 %, increased grain weight by 34 %, and increased yield by 41 %. In the split-plot design experiment, the mixture of the four T. asperellum isolates grain reduced disease severity by 26 %, increased grain weight by 18.5 %, and increased yield by 26 %. Our results show for the first time that a mixed isolates of T. asperellum was efficient in reducing disease severity and increasing yield and grain weight.

BackgroundTo measure the impact of masticatory reduction on learning and memory, previous studies have produced experimental masticatory reduction by modified diet or molar removal. Here we induced spatial learning impairment in mice by reducing masticatory activity and then tested the effect of a combination of environmental enrichment and masticatory rehabilitation in recovering spatial learning at adulthood and in later life. For 6 months (6M) or 18 months (18M), we fed three groups of mice from postnatal day 21 respectively with a hard diet (HD) of pellets; pellets followed by a powdered, soft diet (HD/SD, divided into equal periods); or pellets followed by powder, followed by pellets again (HD/SD/HD, divided into equal periods). To mimic sedentary or active lifestyles, half of the animals from each group were raised from weaning in standard cages (impoverished environment; IE) and the other half in enriched cages (enriched environment; EE). To evaluate spatial learning, we used the Morris water maze.ResultsIE6M-HD/SD mice showed lower learning rates compared with control (IE6M-HD) or masticatory rehabilitated (IE6MHD/SD/HD) animals. Similarly, EE-HD/SD mice independent of age showed lower performance than controls (EE-HD) or rehabilitated mice (EE-HD/SD/HD). However, combined rehabilitation and EE in aged mice improved learning rate up to control levels. Learning rates did not correlate with swim speed.ConclusionsReduction in masticatory activity imposed on mice previously fed a hard diet (HD/SD) impaired spatial learning in the Morris water maze. In adults, masticatory rehabilitation recovered spatial abilities in both sedentary and active mice, and rehabilitation of masticatory activity combined with EE recovered these losses in aged mice.

BackgroundThe incidence of malaria in the Amazon basin is closely related to social inequalities, given that precarious economic and socio-environmental conditions represent favourable factors for the transmission of the disease in tropical regions, such as the Brazilian state of Pará. In the present study, an association was found between the variation in a quality of life index (QLI), based on the socioeconomic differences between the municipalities of this state, and the risk of contracting malaria, based on the Annual Parasitic Index (API), with the primary objective of providing guidelines for the development of effective strategies for the control of the disease.MethodsThe API scores for the years between 2003 and 2011 were collected from the Brazilian Ministry of Health’s DATASUS database, and socioeconomic data for the 143 municipalities of Pará were obtained from the 2010 census. The data were analysed using multivariate factorial and correspondence techniques.ResultsThe QLI was calculated for each municipality, of which, 69.23% were classified as having a poor or regular quality of life. The municipalities with poor QLI scores also presented moderate to high rates of malaria, with probabilities of 80.97% and 95.13%, respectively, while those with good QLI scores had low rates of malaria, with a probability of 79.24%. The results indicated a concentration of malaria in the south-west of the state of Pará, with an increase of 8.82% in the incidence of the disease over the study period, and the northeastern and Marajó mesoregions, where there was an increase of over 90%. In south-eastern Pará, by contrast, there was a marked reduction (78%) in the incidence of the disease, reflecting the heterogeneous distribution of malaria among the different municipalities and mesoregions of the state, especially those with moderate to high risk of transmission.ConclusionsThese findings confirm that malaria is endemic to Pará and is typical of the state’s poorest areas, and that the distribution of the disease within the state indicates an intimate relationship with the living conditions of the population, affecting primarily the economically less privileged sectors of the society.

ResumoConsiderando que a satisfação no trabalho é um aspecto que tem efeito sobre os estados motivacionais dos professores, faz-se necessário investigar suas implicações na docência. Neste sentido, este estudo tem como objetivo: identificar fatores relacionados à satisfação no trabalho a partir da avaliação das dimensões do Modelo Social Cognitivo de Satisfação no Trabalho (MSCST) e da eficácia coletiva. Para tanto, realizou-se pesquisa numa amostra de 495 professores de uma rede privada de ensino, utilizando abordagem mista (quantitativa-qualitativa). As técnicas estatísticas de análise dos dados foram aplicadas nas informações coletadas referentes à amostra total (495). A análise de conteúdo (abordagem qualitativa) foi aplicada nas respostas abertas de 40 professores pertencentes à amostra. Os resultados indicaram que as crenças de eficácia (autoeficácia e eficácia coletiva) não têm efeito sobre a satisfação no trabalho docente e que outros fatores, como os econômicos, podem estar mais relacionados à satisfação.Palavras-chave: satisfação no trabalho; professores; eficácia coletiva. AbstractThe teacher job satisfaction: An analysis from the social cognitive model of job satisfaction and collective efficacy from teachers.Whereas job satisfaction is an aspect that has an effect on the motivational states of teachers, it is necessary to investigate its implications for teaching. Thus, this study aims to: identify factors related to job satisfaction based on the assessment of the dimensions of the Social Cognitive Model of Job Satisfaction (MSCST) and collective efficacy. For this, research was conducted on a sample of 495 teachers of private schools using mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative). Technical data analysis statistics were applied to the information collected concerning the total sample (495). The content analysis (qualitative approach) was applied at the open of 40 teachers from the sample answers. The results indicated that the efficacy beliefs (self-efficacy and collective efficacy) has no effect on satisfaction in teaching and other factors such as economic, may be more related to satisfaction.Keywords: job satisfaction; teachers; collective efficacy. ResumenLa satisfacción en el trabajo docente: Un análisis desde el modelo cognitivo social de la satisfacción en el trabajo y de la eficacia colectiva de los profesores. Mientras que la satisfacción en el trabajo es un aspecto que tiene un efecto sobre la motivación de los profesores, es necesario investigar sus implicaciones en la enseñanza. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores relacionados con la satisfacción en el trabajo de la evaluación de las dimensiones del modelo social de la satisfacción en el trabajo cognitivo (MSCST) y la eficacia colectiva. Por tanto, la investigación se llevó a cabo sobre una muestra de 495 profesores de una red privada de enseñanza, utilizando el enfoque mixto (cuantitativo y cualitativo). Las técnicas estadísticas de análisis de datos se aplican a la información recopilada en r...

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