Soybeans (Glycine max) (V3 stage) were sprayed once with nanoparticles (NPs) of AgO, B, CeO, CuO, MnO, MoO3, SiO, TiO, or ZnO and exposed to Fusarium virguliforme, the cause of sudden death syndrome. Up to 80% root rot was observed in greenhouse experiments. However, NP CuO, B, MoO3, or ZnO reduced the root rot severity by 17–25%. Infected roots and shoots had significant changes in B, Mg, P, S, Si, and Zn, but NP treatment restored levels to that of the healthy control. For example, the increased root Mg and Mn contents induced by disease were reversed by NP B and Mn amendments. In vitro assays found that the NPs did not inhibit the pathogen. This, along with the restoration of altered nutrient levels in the plant tissue, suggests that modulated plant nutrition increased disease defense. Treatment of seedlings with nanoscale micronutrients may be a new tool in promoting soybean health.
Relation of maize seed size and doses of fungicide in controlling Stenocarpella maydisTo prevent disease dissemination chemical treatment of maize (Zea mays) seeds becomes indispensable. However, the efficacy of this treatment may be influenced by a number of factors, such as seed size. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of the fungicide thiabendazole in treatment of maize seed to control S. maydis, taking into account different seed sizes. The seeds classified according to sieves 19, 22 and 24 were inoculated with S. maydis and treated with the fungicide thiabendazole in three doses. To evaluate the effect of seed treatment, test of germination on paper roll substrate, health test, (blotter method), and the dry weight of seedlings were considered. Seed treatment with fungicide provided conditions for increased germination and weight of seedlings, and reduced dampingoff, caused by S. maydis. The efficacy of the fungicide seed treatment varied according to seed size and doses of the fungicide used. 389 Fitopatol. bras. 29(4), jul -ago 2004 INTRODUÇÃOA qualidade sanitária e fisiológica das sementes de milho (Zea mays L.) influencia a produtividade desta cultura, em função do papel que desempenham tanto no estabelecimento da lavoura quanto na disseminação de doenças, interferindo, dessa forma, nos índices de produtividade. Entre os fungos transmitidos por essa via, destaca-se Stenocarpella maydis (Berk). Sacc. (sin. Diplodia maydis), pelo potencial de causar danos direto às sementes (Rheeder, et al
The main control measure of Yellow Sigatoka (Pseudocercospora musae) in banana plants (Musa spp.) has been the planting of resistant varieties, and fungicide application. However, the use of adequately nourished plants is also emphasized as a complementary control method. This study evaluated the influence of interaction between potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) in nutrient solution on the severity of Yellow Sigatoka in banana. Evaluation included severity of disease, chlorophyll a and b contents, nutrient contents, and total dry weight (TDW). There was no interaction between concentrations of K and Ca for area under the disease severity progress curve (AUDSPC), although the AUDSPC increased in leaves 1 and 2 with increasing concentrations of K from 1 to 6 mmol L -1 . Increasing K led to a reduction in chlorophyll a and b contents, and in nutrients N, P, Mg, B, Cu, Zn, and Mn. TDW increased with increasing K. Therefore, high concentration of K causes nutritional imbalance in banana plants, and favors the severity of Yellow Sigatoka.
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