Com o objetivo de avaliar a produção e a composição química da forragem de milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), plantado durante os períodos de transição chuva/seca e seca/chuva, sem irrigação, foi conduzido um experimento na EPAMIG de Leopoldina-MG, durante o período de fevereiro a dezembro de 2006. Os tratamentos foram arranjados num esquema fatorial 3x5, com as cultivares de milheto Comum, BN2 e BRS1501, plantadas nos meses de fevereiro, março, abril, agosto e setembro. Não houve diferença entre as cultivares na produção de massa de forragem seca, com média de 4.010kg/ha. Houve diferenças entre as cultivares, somente, quanto aos teores de proteína bruta (PB) e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). Os teores de PB, fibra em detergente neutro e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca variaram de 14,04 a 17,95%, 48,78 a 57,27% e 61,37 a 72,68%, respectivamente, de acordo com as cultivares e épocas de plantio. As diferenças entre as épocas de plantio foram significativas com a produção de massa de forragem seca de 3.941; 2.525; 4.316; 3.258 e 6.010kg/ha para o plantio em fevereiro, março, abril, agosto e setembro, respectivamente. Como a composição química das cultivares variou aleatoriamente com as épocas de plantio, qualquer uma das cultivares pode ser utilizada. A semeadura em setembro proporciona as melhores respostas em produção sem comprometer a composição química.
his study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of nitrogen fertilization on the morphogenic, structural, productive and chemical composition of Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster cv. Basilisk in a silvopastoral system with eucalyptus. The experimental treatments consisted of pastures of Basilisk cultivar, fertilized with 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha-1 year-1 of N, and intercropped with eucalyptus, clone GG 100 (Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla). The experimental arrangement followed a randomized block design with four replicates. The evaluated characteristics were: foliar appearance rate, phyllochron, leaf length, leaf elongation rate, leaf life span, foliar senescence rate, number of green leaves per tiller, number of senescent leaves per tiller, daily dry matter accumulation, dry matter production, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber. In the conditions of the established silvopastoral system, nitrogen fertilization did not influence (p > 0.05) the morphogenic and structural characteristics of Basilisk cultivar, except for height (p < 0.01) and leaf: stem ratio (p = 0.02). The nitrogen fertilization of the Brachiaria grass with eucalyptus in the proposed structural arrangement does not modify (p > 0.05) the morphogenic characteristics. However, in ration to dry matter production, doses of up to 400 kg of N ha-1 are recommended.
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o peso ao nascimento, desenvolvimento durante o período de amamentação e peso ao desmame de bezerros terminais oriundos do cruzamento de fêmeas F1 Holandês x Zebu com touros zebuínos. Bezerros ¾ Nelore e Guzerá, foram os que apresentaram maior (P<0,05) média de peso ao nascimento 39 kg. Os filhos de touros da raça Gir, foram os que apresentaram menores (P<0,05) valores para o peso a desmama com média de 163,6 kg, e ganho médio diário de 0,464 kg/dia. O desempenho dos bezerros (a) na fase de cria, apresentou um desenvolvimento continua crescente, em todos os grupos genéticos. No resultado da correlação entre o peso ao nascimento e o peso a desmama, somente o grupo genético com 50% de genes da raça Gir que não obtiveram significância (P>0,05). No resultado da correlação entre o peso ao nascimento e o ganho médio diário, somente os grupos genéticos com 75 e 50% Nelore tiveram efeito significativo (P<0,05). Produtos oriundos do cruzamento de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu com touros de raças zebuínas são viáveis para os segmentos de recria e engorda da cadeia da carne.
This study aimed to evaluate the ingestive behavior and body surface temperature of F1 Holstein × Zebu cows that were non-lactating in the final third of gestation and managed in two pastoral environments. Forty F1 Holstein × Zebu cows divided into two pastoral environments were evaluated: signal grass (Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk) deferred at the beginning of regrowth and pasture of xaraés grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés) in vegetative growth in four periods during the day (morning, afternoon, night and dawn), following the completely randomized design in a factorial scheme. Each cow is the experimental unit. The total grazing time was 32.22% higher in the signal grass than xaraés grass (average of 479.50 minutes). There was an interaction between the pastoral environments and the times of day on the black globe temperature and humidity index (BGHI). In the pasture of signal grass, the BGHI was 19.07% higher in the morning and afternoon periods than the average (68.95) verified during the night and dawn. F1 Holstein × Zebu cows grazing time in the final third of gestation is influenced by the pasture condition and not by the climate since they feed in a high BGHI environment.
The purpose of this study was to determine the energy partition of pregnant F1 Holstein x Gyr with average initial body weight (BW) of 515.6 kg and Gyr cows with average initial BW of 435.1 kg at 180, 210 and 240 days of gestation, obtained using respirometry. Twelve animals in two groups (six per genetic group) received a restricted diet equivalent to 1.3 times the net energy for maintenance (NEm). The proportion of gross energy intake (GEI) lost as feces did not differ between the evaluated breeds and corresponded to 28.65% on average. The daily methane production (L/d) was greater for (P<0.05) F1 HxG compared to Gyr animals. However, when expressed as L/kg dry matter (DM) or as percentage of GEI there were no differences between the groups (P>0.05). The daily loss of energy as urine (mean of 1.42 Mcal/d) did not differ (P>0.05) between groups and ranged from 3.87 to 5.35% of the GEI. The metabolizable energy intake (MEI) of F1 HxG animals was greater (P < 0.05) at all gestational stages compared to Gyr cows when expressed in Mcal/d. However, when expressed in kcal/kg of metabolic BW (BW0,75), the F1 HxG cows had MEI 11% greater (P<0.05) at 240 days of gestation and averaged 194.39 kcal/kg of BW0,75. Gyr cows showed no change in MEI over time (P>0.05), with a mean of 146.66 kcal/kg BW0. 75. The ME used by the conceptus was calculated by deducting the metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) from the MEI, which was obtained in a previous study using the same cows prior to becoming pregnant. The values of NEm obtained in the previous study with similar non-pregnant cows were 92.02 kcal/kg BW0.75 for F1 HxG, and 76.83 kcal/kg BW0.75 for Gyr (P = 0.06). The average ME for pregnancy (MEp) was 5.33 Mcal/d for F1 HxG and 4.46 Mcal/d for Gyr. The metabolizability ratio, averaging 0.60, was similar among the evaluated groups (P>0.05). The ME / Digestible Energy (DE) ratio differed between groups and periods evaluated (P<0.05) with a mean of 0.84. The heat increment (HI) accounted for 22.74% and 24.38% of the GEI for F1 HxG and Gyr cows, respectively. The proportion of GEI used in the basal metabolism by pregnant cows in this study represented 29.69%. However, there were no differences between the breeds and the evaluation periods and corresponded to 29.69%. The mean NE for pregnancy (NEp) was 2.76 Mcal/d and did not differ between groups and gestational stages (P>0.05).
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