ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to assess the edible biomass and chemical composition of forages grown on pure form, as a grass mix, and in grass-legume consortia. The following species were tested: white oats (Avena sativa), black oats (Avena strigosa), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), forage peanut (Arachis pintoi), white clover (Trifolium repens), and red clover (Trifolium pratense). The experiment consisted of sixteen treatments arranged in a completely randomized design. The parameters measured were total dry matter (PMST), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP). No significant differences in PMST were found among the consortia (p > 0.05). Only the pure cultivated white clover (p > 0.05) was comparable to the consortia in terms of biomass production. The three legumes had the lowest average NDF values (p > 0.05), based on their contributions to the total NDF content of the consortia along the cuts. The ADF content increased for all treatments during the cuts. The results indicate that in pasture, legumes increase protein content, and forage consortia increase both the pasture production and the grazing period. Their chemical composition is adequate for boosting livestock production in pastures.Keywords: Arachis pintoi, Avena sp., fiber, Lolium multiflorum, protein, Trifolium sp.Produção e composição bromatológica de gramíneas e leguminosas cultivadas de forma estreme, misturadas ou em consórcio RESUMO. Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de biomassa e a composição bromatológica ao longo do ciclo produtivo de forrageiras cultivadas de forma estreme, misturadas ou consorciadas. Foram utilizadas as seguintes espécies: aveia branca (Avena sativa), aveia preta (Avena strigosa), azevém (Lolium multiflorum), amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi), trevo branco (Trifolium repens) e trevo vermelho (Trifolium pratense). As forrageiras foram cultivadas em 16 tratamentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo analisados a produção de matéria seca total (PMST) e os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e proteína bruta (PB). Quanto à PMST, não foram constatadas diferenças (p > 0,05) entre os consórcios, sendo apenas o cultivo estreme de trevo branco comparável (p < 0,05) aos consórcios em biomassa produzida. Em relação ao FDN, as três leguminosas isoladas apresentaram os menores valores (p > 0,05) na média geral, ficando evidente a sua contribuição no teor de FDN dos consórcios ao longo dos cortes. O teor de FDA aumentou no decorrer dos cortes para todos os tratamentos. Os resultados indicam que a inclusão de leguminosas aumenta os teores proteicos, e os consórcios de forrageiras aumentam a produção de pastagem e o período de pastejo, com composição bromatológica adequada para potencializar a produção animal a pasto.

The present study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of carbohydrates and nitrogenous fractions of late-crop corn silages with different specific masses (SM; 90, 134, 172, and 214 kg dry matter m -3 ). The silage was held in 20-L mini-silos, and the experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications (mini-silos) per treatment. In the present study, differences in the compression (i.e., SM) of corn silages caused changes in the contents of soluble sugar and nitrogenous constituents; however, SM alone did not explain the entire preservation of the ensiled material. ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar alterações bromatológicas sobre as frações glicídicas e nitrogenadas de silagens de milho "safrinha" com diferentes massas específicas (ME) no momento da ensilagem (90, 134, 172 e 214 Kg de MS.m -3 ). A ensilagem foi realizada em minissilos com capacidade de 20 L. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições (minissilos) por tratamento. O fracionamento foi realizado segundo The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPSv5.0). A ME afetou linearmente os teores de extrato etéreo Ŷ = 1,718 + 0,0041*ME (P = 0,009; R 2 = 39,2), açúcares solúveis Ŷ = 0,9502 -0,003445*ME (P < 0,001; R 2 = 59,9) e fibra solúvel Ŷ = -0,4731 + 0,01158*ME (P = 0,025; R 2 = 31,2). Nos carboidratos, a fração B1 apresentou comportamento linear ascendente Ŷ = 14,88 + 0,2566*ME (P = 0,043; R 2 = 38,4) com o aumento da ME, enquanto as demais frações não foram influenciadas. Nos constituintes nitrogenados houve variação no nitrogênio total Ŷ = 2,003 -0,01065*ME + 0,000036*ME 2 (P = 0,041; R 2 = 38,8), no nitrogênio não proteico Ŷ = 1,436 -0,01103*ME + 0,000036*ME 2 (P = 0,060; R 2 = 35,1), no nitrogênio solúvel Ŷ = 1,715 -0,01450*ME + 0,00005*ME 2 (P = 0,024; R 2 = 43,8) e no nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro Ŷ = 0,4979 -0,001057*ME (P < 0,001; R 2 = 70,6), cujos resultados também contribuíram para as diferenças nas frações A Ŷ = 66,47 -0,5291*ME + 0,00174*ME 2 (P = 0,095; R 2 =30,4), B2 Ŷ = 6,78 + 0,05857*ME (P = 0,076; R 2 =20,8) e B3 Ŷ = 19,03 -0,05565*ME (P = 0,018; R 2 = 34,1) do modelo de Cornell. A ME de compactação, de forma isolada, não serve para explicar, na totalidade, a preservação do material ensilado. Diferentes ME causam alterações no teor de açúcares solúveis das silagens de milho e nos constituintes nitrogenados.

Currently, the practice of Crop-Livestock Integration is stimulated as a way of increasing the generation of foreign exchange for Brazil. Integrated systems improve land use efficiency as well as preserve, recover and increment or soil fertility. The aim of this research was to evaluate how different doses of nitrogen fertilization can affect production and quality of dual purpose wheat submitted to grazing. The experimental designed was randomized block with five treatments (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 Kg N ha -1 , like ammonium nitrate) and four repetitions. The forage yield, the percentage crude protein (P=.0001) and acid detergent insoluble protein (P=.0054) had a linear increased because of the nitrogen addition doses. The crude protein percentage changed the estimate of all soluble carbohydrates (P=.0001) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (P=.0186), but did not influence the, nitrogen detergent fiber corrected with ash and proteins percentage contributing for content cell. The crops production (P=.0001) and the number of kernels per ear (P=.0001) showed significantly difference because of the nitrogen additions dose, increasing the number of fertile flowers. The nitrogen topdressing alters forage production, the chemical composition and the production of dual purpose wheat grains subjected to grazing. Key words: Meat. Fertility. Grain. Crop livestock integration. Milk. Pasture. ResumoAtualmente, é estimulada a prática de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária (ILP) como forma de incrementar a geração de divisas para o Brasil. Os sistemas integrados melhoram a eficiência de uso da terra, bem como preservam, recuperam e/ou incrementam a fertilidade do solo. Objetivou-se avaliar a produção e a composição bromatológica de trigo duplo propósito (TDP) manejado sob pastejo com diferentes doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (DAN): 0, 75, 150, 225 e 300 Kg de N ha -1 , sob a forma de nitrato

RESUMOObjetivou-se neste estudo fracionar os carboidratos e as proteínas e avaliar a cinética de degradação ruminal de rações contendo 0; 24; 48 e 72% de torta de girassol. Os carboidratos foram fracionados em A+B1, B2 e C, e as proteínas em A, B1+B2, B3 e C. Os parâmetros de cinética de degradação ruminal das rações foram estimados a partir do método semiautomático de produção cumulativa de gases in vitro. Foram utilizados quatro animais ½ Gir x ½ Holandês, machos e castrados, fistulados no rúmen, mantidos em pastagem e recebendo 1kg de ração concentrada, como doadores de inócuo ruminal. O ensaio foi realizado em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro rações e quatro períodos, e os resultados obtidos foram interpretados de acordo com a análise de variância e de regressão a 5% de significância. Houve efeito linear decrescente para o fracionamento de carboidratos totais e a fração A+B1, e efeito linear crescente sobre as frações B2 e C. Para as frações nitrogenadas, houve efeito linear crescente sobre a fração A, e efeito linear decrescente sobre as frações B1+B2 e C. Em relação à cinética de degradação ruminal in vitro, houve efeito decrescente sobre o parâmetro "a", e efeito quadrático sobre os parâmetros "b" e "c", com pontos de máxima, respectivamente, de 61,84 e 66,77% de torta de girassol. A inclusão da torta de girassol nas rações suplementares, nos teores estudados, influenciou nas frações dos carboidratos, das proteínas e nos parâmetros de degradação ruminal. Caso haja a disponibilidade desse ingrediente, ele pode ser adicionado à ração suplementar de bovinos sem prejuízo nos parâmetros nutricionais e metabólicos. Palavras

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality of silages containing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% triticale replacing sorghum silage feed for beef cattle. It was carried out fractionation of carbohydrates and proteins, and the parameters of ruminal degradation kinetics estimated by semiautomatic in vitro method of cumulative gas production of the silages. The experimental design completely randomized with five treatments and four replicates. Sorghum silage has less non-fibrous carbohydrates, and its substitution may explain the linear increase in the composition of fractions A and B1. In general, the proportions of fractions "A" and "B1 + B2" demonstrated that as sorghum replaced by triticale, the abundance of high availability proteins increased, as did the abundance of rapidly degradable proteins in the rumen. The final volume of gases produced by the fermentation of non-fibrous carbohydrates presented a negative linear relationship with increased triticale silage (P = 0.0001), while the degradation rates presented a positive linear relationship (P = 0.0001). Thus, there was rapid release of energy and nitrogen, which may meet the needs of microorganisms. Therefore, triticale silage can be substituted for sorghum silage in cattle feed as an excellent source of protein and energy without altering nutritional parameters.

Determining the nutritional composition of a pasture is necessary to evaluate its quality, aiming to meet the requirements of feeding animals and guarantee good performance. The quality of the forage biomass produced depends directly on the fertility and type of soil, environmental conditions, and management. In this scenario, the aim was to evaluate the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of dry matter, and macro- and micronutrient contents of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu cultivated in soils developed from basalt and sandstone in the state of Paraná. A total of 120 forage samples were collected in a soil developed from basalt and 116 in soil developed from sandstone. Forage harvesting occurred in autumn and spring for basalt soil (season effect), and in spring (soil effect) for sandstone soil. Soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected in the spring season, at the same forage collection sites, to obtain a greater sample representativity regarding climate–soil–plant relationships. Forage samples were separated in leaf blade and stem + sheath, and analyses of dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), total digestible nutrients (TDN), nitrogen, and macro- and micronutrient contents were performed. In soil samples, the contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn were analyzed. There were season and soil-type effects on the chemical composition of the cultivar studied. The highest levels of protein, NDF, ADF, lignin, and cellulose were obtained in autumn. In samples from soil developed from basalt, higher levels of hemicellulose, IVDMD, and TDN were obtained in the spring. K, P, Mn, and Zn presented levels within the range recommended for the studied forage, but the values of Ca and Mg in autumn and N in the three studied periods remained below the level considered adequate. Soil nutrient contents were influenced (P < 0.05) by the soil source material, and the highest levels of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn were observed in soil developed from basalt. Forage cultivated in spring in the soil area developed from basalt, was nutritionally superior in relation to forage cultivated in the soil developed from sandstone.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of genetic group, sex and level of protein-energy supplementation on the performance and carcass traitsultrasound prediction of weaned calves Nellore and crossbred animals ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus. A completely randomized design in a factorial 2x2x2, were used, with two levels of protein-energy supplementation, two sex and two genetic groups. Fifty-six animals were used (28 Nellore and 28 crossbred ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus), equally divided between males and females, maintained on grazing Brachiariabrizanthacv. Marandu and evaluated in three experimental periods: period 1 = protein-energy supplementation in the dry season; period 2 = protein-energy supplementation during the rainy season; period 3 = only mineral supplementation. In the dry season, they were supplemented with levels of 0.5 and 1% of body weight (BW) and in the rainy season with 0 and 1% BW. Dry matter intake (kg day -1 , % BW, g kgBW 0.75-1 ) was estimated. In vivo ultrasound measurements of carcass were: loin eye area (LEA), fat thickness (FT) and rump fat thickness (RFT). There was influence of genetic group and protein-energy supplementation levels on average daily gain (ADG) of animals in period 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). Sex affected the ADG only in period 2, and the males had 754 gday -1 and females, 582 g day -1 . There was no interaction of genetic group x sex x supplementation level. At the end of the experimental period (end of period 3), it was found that male animals and crossbred animals ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus had higher ADG (716 and 748 g day -1 , respectively). The values of dry matter intake (DMI) were influenced by genetic group and sex, in all periods, verifying highest intake in crossbred animals ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus, with better feed conversion for crossbred animals. Regarding ultrasound measurements taken on the carcass, the influence of sex on FT and RFT, it was observed, and the males showed higher values, 3.24 ResumoObjetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a influência do grupo genético, sexo e níveis de suplementação proteicoenergética sobre o desempenho e características de predição de carcaça de bezerros desmamados da raça Nelore e ½ Nelore x ½ Aberdeen Angus. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x2x2, sendo dois níveis de suplementação, dois sexos e dois grupos genéticos. Foram utilizados 56 animais (28 Nelore e 28 ½ Nelore x ½ Aberdeen Angus), divididos igualmente entre machos e fêmeas, mantidos em pastagem de Brachiariabrizantha cv. Marandu e avaliados em três períodos experimentais: período 1= suplementação proteico-energética na estação seca; período 2= suplementação proteico-energética na estação chuvosa; período 3= apenas suplementação mineral. Na estação seca, suplementou-se com níveis de 0,5 e 1% do peso corporal (PC) e na estação chuvosa 0 e 1% do peso corporal. Foram estimados o consumo de matéria seca (kg dia -1 , % PC, g kgPC 0,75-1). As mensurações ultrassonográficas de carcaça in vivo foram: área de o...

Nowadays, there are numerous arrangements of Integrated Systems of Agricultural Production, due, the particularities of each region and/or rural enterprise. The use of dual-purpose species such as, for example, BRS Tarumã® wheat further intensifies the system, because there is plant-animal production in a short time. Study aimed to evaluate the production and chemical composition of dual purpose wheat pastures managed with different DAN during periods of spikelet terminal (ST) and anthesis (AN), aiming crop production (pasture and grain) and animal (milk and / or meat). The experimental randomized block design with five treatments (0, 75, 150, 225 e 300 Kg de N ha, in the form of ammonium nitrate) and four replications. The average biomass values before the first and the second grazing were respectively: 2,164 and 2,127 kg DM per hectare and the waste of about 824 and 1,772 kg of DM per hectare and the daily average accumulation rate between the two grazing DM was 86 kg per hectare at 17 day intervals. The variables, number of spikes per square meter, grain number per square meter, thousand grain weight, hectoliter weight and grain yield did not differ (P>0.05) between treatments. Nitrogen fertilization increases linearly (P=0.0017) the size of the spikes depending on nitrogen rates. For the linear variable layering increased (P=0.0001), indicating the susceptibility of the crop to high levels of nitrogen. The application of nitrogen fertilizer levels in dual purpose grazed wheat before the spikelet terminal stage and anthesis does not influence on grain yield variables. The nitrogen fertilization on wheat double purpose must be fractionated at tillering and after each grazing increasing the remobilization rate of nitrogen by culture.