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Citrate transport into the vacuoles of acid lime juice cells was investigated using isolated tonoplast vesicles. ATP stimulated citrate uptake in the presence or in the absence of a Delta mu H+. Energization of the vesicles only by an artificial K+ gradient (establishing an inside-positive Delta psi) also resulted in citrate uptake as was the case of a Delta pH dominated Delta mu H+. Addition of inhibitors to endomembrane ATPases showed no direct correlation between the inhibition to the tonoplast bound H+/ATPase and citrate uptake. The data indicated that, although some citrate uptake can be accounted for by Delta psi and by a direct primary active transport mechanism involving ATP, under in vivo conditions of vacuolar pH of 2.0, citrate uptake is driven by Delta pH.