This nomogram is helpful in the prediction of febrile neutropenia after chemotherapy in patients with lung, breast, and colon cancer. Usage of this nomogram may help decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with febrile neutropenia and deserves further validation.
Abstract. Avemar, a derivative of fermented wheat germ extract, is a non-toxic and natural compound that is used as a dietary supplement by cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Avemar has numerous biological activities, and several recent studies have reported that it may also have metastatic and anti-angiogenic effects. In the present study, the mechanism of the anti-angiogenic effect of Avemar on human cancer cells was investigated. The human cell lines NCI-N87 (gastric tubular adenocarcinoma), PC3 (prostate carcinoma), HeLa (endocervical adenocarcinoma) and A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) were treated with various doses (400, 800, 1,600 and 3,200 µg/ml) of Avemar, and the changes in mRNA and protein levels of two important markers of angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. VEGF and Cox-2 protein and mRNA levels were significantly lower in Avemar-treated cells than in untreated cells. The data suggest that Avemar may exert an anti-angiogenic effect on cancer cells. Thus, it is suggested to medical doctors as a potential agent for the anti-angiogenic treatment of cancer. IntroductionAngiogenesis, the physiological formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones (1), serves a central role in human physiology during fetal development, wound healing, tissue repair following surgery or trauma, menstruation, cancer, and various ischemic and inflammatory diseases (2). However, unregulated angiogenesis may result in angiogenic diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory diseases, or tumor growth and metastasis (3,4). As cancer growth is associated with angiogenesis, the inhibition of angiogenesis is a promising therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. Furthermore, understanding the mechanisms of angiogenesis inhibition well enough to manipulate it may lead to numerous therapeutic possibilities.Avemar (fermented wheat germ extract) is produced by the industrial fermentation of wheat germ. Avemar is a completely natural and non-toxic compound that is used clinically as a dietary supplement for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy (5-9). It is known to have certain biological effects due its major components, 2-methoxy-benzoquinone and 2,6-dimethoxy-benzoquinone. Additionally, Avemar has been demonstrated to be associated with anaerobic glycolysis, the pentose cycle and ribonucleotide reductase enzymes; to exert significant anti-proliferative effects in a broad spectrum of tumor cell lines; and to possess the ability to kill tumor cells by inducing apoptosis through the caspase-poly ADP-ribose polymerase pathway (5,10). Furthermore, Avemar was reported to be an effective adjuvant agent in cancer treatment for several types of cancer. such as breast, colon, lung and prostate cancer (11). However, the mechanism of the anti-angiogenic effect of Avemar is unclear. Numerous studies have investigated cytotoxic effects o...
Background:Fabaceae family members are known to possess preventive and therapeutic potentials against various types of cancers.Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from the aerial parts and roots of an endemic Ebenus species; Ebenus boissieri Barbey in human lung cancer cell line.Materials and Methods:After treatment with hydroalcoholic extracts cytotoxic activities of both extracts were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, whereas caspase-3 activity, tumor necrosis factor-a lpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) releasewere measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results:According to in vitro assay results, the increase in all caspases activity suggested that extracts induce cells to undergo apoptosis. Especially, induction in caspase-3 activity was the most remarkable result of this study. Both aerial part and root extracts induced apoptosis by increasing caspase-3 activity, TNF-α and IFN-γ release. When compared to their relative controls, the concentrations of both TNF-α and IFN-γ in extract-treated groups were significantly and dose dependently exalted.Conclusion:Taken together, our results indicate that the hydroalcoholic extracts of E. boissieri can be considered as a source of new anti-apoptotic and therefore anti-carcinogenic agent.
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is regarded as a key cancer cell property. Endostatin (ES) is a potential antiangiogenic agent and it may be useful when implemented in combination with other cancer therapeutic strategies. The present study investigated the in vitro effects of ES, radiotherapy (RT) or combination therapy (ES + RT) on two important proteases, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain‑containing protein 10 (ADAM10) and neprilysin (NEP) in 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells and the more metastatic phenotype of 4THMpc breast cancer cells. 4T1 and 4THMpc cells were treated with recombinant murine ES (4 µg/ml) alone, RT (45 Gy) alone or with ES + RT. ADAM10 enzyme activity was determined using a tumor necrosis factor‑α converting enzyme (α‑secretase) activity assay kit, and NEP enzyme activity was measured with a fluorometric assay based on the generation of free dansyl‑D‑Ala‑Gly from N-dansyl-Ala-Gly-D-nitro-Phe-Gly, the substrate of NEP. Western blotting analysis was performed to determine whether the altered enzyme activity levels of the two cell lines occurred due to changes in expression level. These data indicate that ES independently potentiates the activity of ADAM10 and NEP enzymes in 4T1 and 4THMpc breast cancer cells.
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