Introduction β2 agonists have several properties that could be beneficial in acute lung injury (ALI). We therefore chose to study the effect of inhaled β2 agonist use (salbutamol) on duration and severity of ALI.

There are conflicting reports about the benefits of zinc supplements in childhood asthma. This study examined the effect of zinc supplementation in children with asthma attending an outpatient clinic in Sari, Islamic Republic of Iran. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial over 8 weeks, 284 children on inhaled steroids were allocated to receive zinc supplements (50 mg/day) (n = 144) or placebo (n = 140). Cases and controls had low initial serum zinc concentrations [61.8 (SD 7.3) µg/dL and 60.9 (SD 4.3) µg/dL]. After treatment, mean serum zinc level in the case group was significantly higher [129 (SD 20.4) µg/dL] than in the controls [63 (SD 8.6) µg/dL]. There were no significant differences in IgE levels before and after treatment. The case group showed significant improvements in clinical symptoms such as cough, wheezing and dyspnoea and in all spirometry parameters (FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC).

Background:The primary side effect of adjuvant chemotherapy with taxanes is the taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy (TIPN), which may have substantial negative impacts on patients’ quality of life (QOL). We investigated the effect of pregabalin and duloxetine on QOL of breast cancer patients who experienced TIPN.Materials and Methods:This was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial conducted at a chemotherapy center of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Breast cancer patients 18 or more years old were included if they received paclitaxel or docetaxel and experienced neuropathy grade one or higher; and neuropathic pain score of four or more. Patients were treated with pregabalin or duloxetine until 6 weeks. Assessment of sensory neuropathy and QOL was performed at baseline, and 6 weeks after the initiation of the treatment.Results:At baseline, the mean score of global health status/QOL scale for pregabalin and duloxetine groups were 61 (standard deviation [SD]; 5.11) and 60.28 (SD; 5.44), respectively (P = 0.54). After 6 weeks, both interventions were associated with improvement of global QOL compared to baseline. The global health status/QOL score was not different between two groups after 6 weeks. While the emotional functioning was improved more favorably with duloxetine (P < 0.001); pregabalin was associated with more improvement in insomnia and pain scores (P = 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively).Conclusion:Pregabalin as well as duloxetine improve the global QOL of breast cancer patients with TIPN. Different effects of treatments on subscale of QLQ-C30 could help clinicians to select the appropriate agent individually.

Aminoglycosides (AGs) are frequently used in pediatric settings, especially for empiric treatment of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Although AGs are used for several decades, the optimum method of administration and their dosing schemes needs more clarification. The risks of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, two main toxicities associated with AGs, have been contributed to the peak and trough plasma levels, respectively. One approach to decrease these potential toxicities of AGs is to administer higher doses with a prolonged interval, named extended-interval dosing (EID). Post-antibiotic effect (PAE) and concentration-dependent killing of AGs provide rational basis for the efficacy of EID. PAE refers to the extended bactericidal activity of AGs against many Gram-negative organisms after the drug was removed by metabolism. One concern is that the higher initial peak concentration with EID may be accompanied with more toxicities, especially ototoxicity. It was demonstrated that due to saturation of binding site of AGs in renal and cochlear tissues, transiently higher concentration of AGs does not cause additional nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity. Experience and clinical evidence regarding EID in pediatrics is suboptimal. In this review, we presented the rational and studies focusing on EID in pediatric setting. The overall finding of trials is that in pediatric setting, EID is a safe and effective dosing method. The risk of serum drug concentration outside the therapeutic range is lower in neonates treated with EID, leading to less need of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) with EID. Moreover, there are evidences supporting lower chance of bacterial resistance with EID compared with traditional dosing approach.

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Objective: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), an enzyme translated by DPD gene (DPYD), has a critical role in the metabolism of 5-fluorouracil (5FU). In this study we aimed to investigate the frequency of the IVS14+1 G>A, 2194G>A, 2846 A>T mutations in the DPYD gene in colorectal cancer patients in north of Iran and their association with side effects of 5FU.Methods: Venous blood samples of 89 colorectal cancer patients were drawn. After the DNA extraction from nuclear cells, a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to detect the frequency of the IVS14+1 G>A and 2846 A>T mutations. Tetra-Primer ARMS PCR optimization method was used to detect the 2194 G>A mutation. Side effects were classified according to CTCAE (common terminology criteria for adverse events V. 4) and the association between different polymorphisms and side effects were evaluated.Results: Of 89 colorectal patients, the frequency of IVS14+1 G>A and 2846 A>T polymorphism was 4 (5.1%) and 1 (1.1%), respectively. The 2194 G>A polymorphism was not detected. All 4 patients were heterozygous for IVS14+1 G>A mutation, whereas the only patient with 2846 A>T polymorphism was homozygous. Some adverse effects of 5FU including diarrhea, vomiting, mucositis and stomatitis were more frequent in patients with IVS14+1 G>A polymorphism.Conclusion: The prevalence of IVS14+1 G>A mutation in our patients were relatively high and was associated with a higher occurrence of 5FU-associated toxicities.

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: More than half of cancer patients need radiotherapy during the course of their treatment. Despite the beneficial aspects, the destructive effects of radiation beams on normal tissues lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell injury. Kidneys are affected during radiotherapy of abdominal malignancies. Radiation nephropathy eventually leads to the release of factors triggering systemic inflammation. Currently, there is no proven prophylactic or therapeutic intervention for the management of radiation-induced nephropathy. This article reviews the biomarkers involved in the pathophysiology of radiation-induced nephropathy and its underlying molecular mechanisms. The efficacy of compounds with potential radio-protective properties on amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress is also discussed. By outlining the approaches for preventing and treating this critical side effect, we evaluate the potential treatment of radiation-induced nephropathy. Available preclinical and clinical studies on these compounds are also scrutinized.