Field trials were conducted to determine the effect of time and rate of single and split applications of nitrogen on various malting parameters of barley. The effect of a single low nitrogen application of 50 kg N ha-1 at sowing was compared with high nitrogen applications of 150 kg N ha-1 given as split applications at different growth stages. The barley was malted in an automatic micro-malting system and the malt analysed for various quality parameters. A number of the high nitrogen applications significantly increased total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, free amino-nitrogen, and alpha-and beta-amylase activity, whereas the fine-grind extract was not significantly affected. The growth stage at which supplementary nitrogen was applied significantly affected all malting parameters except the total nitrogen content. Highest values in general were found when split applications of nitrogen were done at five different growth stages until ear emergence.Veldproewe is uitgevoer om die invloed van tyd en hoeveelheid van stikstofioedienings op verskillende mouteienskappe van gars na te gaan. Die invloed van 'n enkellae stikstofioediening van 50 kg N ha-1 met saaityd is vergelyk met verdeelde stikstofioedienings van 150 kg N ha-1 wat op verskillende groeistadia toegedien is. Die gars is in 'n outomatiese mikrovermouter vermout waarna die mout vir verskillende kwaliteitsparameters geanaliseer is. Sommige van die hoe stikstofioedienings het, in vergelyking met die enkellae stikstofioediening, die totale stikstof-, oplosbare stikstof-en vry aminostikstofinhoud asook alfa-en beta-amilase-aktiwiteit betekenisvol verhoog terwyl die ekstrakwaarde nie betekenisvol be'invloed is nie. Wat die hoe stikstofioedienings betref, het die groeistadium wanneer aanvullende stikstof toegedien is, die moutkwaliteitseienskappe behalwe die totale stikstofinhoud, betekenisvol beinvloed. Die hoogste waardes oor die algemeen is verkry met die toediening van aanvullende stikstof op vyf verskillende groeistadia tot en met aarverskyning.
We present a novel electromagnetic bandgap struct ure with reduced spuriousr adiat ion properties. The appl ication presented here is the wide-band suppress ion of' paras itic parallel-p late modes onmultil ayer printed circuit boards. We usc a well known unit-cell design asa benchmar k for the new structure . Two optimi zed configurat ions highlight unit ce ll design aspects.
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