Aims: to assess the quality of drinking water using microbiological indicators and to assess epidemic risks of water-born infections in urban settings of the Arkhangelsk region. Methods: Secondary data on standard sanitary and hygienic assessments of the quality of centralized drinking water supply in Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk, Novodvinsk, Kotlas and Koryazhma for 2006-2016 were used. Assessment of the microbial risk of water-born infections was performed. Results: All towns except Severodvinsk had moderate risk of water-born infections through centralized drinking water supply system. Arkhangelsk had 56 points while Kotlas, Novodvinsk and Koryazhma had 37, 30 and 19 points, respectively. Severodvinsk had low risk of water-born infections (5 points). Proportions of samples with abnormal concentrations of general and thermotolerant coliform bacteria in Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Novodvinsk after water treatment varied between 16 % and 27 % while in Korazhma the corresponding proportions varied between 21 % and 53 % Irregular water supply have contributed with 18 % and 14 % in Arkhangelsk and Kotlas, respectively. Conclusions: The presence of general and thermotolerant coliform bacteria in drinking water detected immediately after water treatment and in water supply network are the main contributors to the epidemic risk of water-born infections in towns of the Arkhangelsk region. Irregularity of water supply was additional factor linked to microbial contamination in Arkhangelsk and Kotlas.
The authors assessed microbiological risks of acute intestinal infections (AII) with viral etiology caused by drinking water taken from centralized water supply systems among overall urban population in Arkhangelsk region over [2006][2007][2008][2009][2010][2011][2012][2013][2014][2015][2016][2017]. The research was performed with Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) procedure. It was revealed that acute intestinal viral infections prevailed among intestinal infections; the most widely spread ones were rotavirus infection (86.9%), norovirus infection (7.7%), and enterovirus infection (3.7%). The authors also performed comparative analysis of spatial distribution and long-term dynamics of incidence with AII which were possibly caused by infectious agents entering a body with water. The analysis revealed that rotavirus and norovirus infections frequently occurred in Arkhangelsk, Novodvinsk, Koryazhma, and Kotlas. Incidence with rotavirus infection among population in Koryazhma and Arkhangelsk grew 1.5-1.6 times faster than epidemiological processes on the reference territory. Coliphages contents were equal to Р 95 in drinking water taken from centralized water supply systems in Arkhangelsk and Koryazhma, and it was 1.4 and 2.2 times higher respectively than the hygienic standard. Rotavirus, norovirus, and enterovirus infections were highly likely to occur in and rotavirus infection, in Koryazhma (R=0.95). Average probability of norovirus infection (R=0.58) and enterovirus infection (R=0.43) was detected in Koryazhma. The research results indicate that Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) procedure is feasible and significant within the system of sanitary-epidemiologic surveillance over water treatment; it substantiates the necessity to create and implement virology monitoring over centralized drinking water supply.
The analysis of group morbidity of acute intestinal infections of water etiology was implemented in the Arkhangelsk region in 2000-2016. During the mentioned period, 183 ictuses were registered and 22 out of them (12%) had water way of transfer with 796 individuals as a total number of victims and 498 out them were children aged from 0 to 17 years. The ictus morbidity of acute intestinal infections realizing through water way, is characterized by high intensity of epidemiological process. The index of nidality made up to 36 victims per 1 water ictus. The cities and regions of occurrence of niduses (Arkhangelsk, Novodvinsk, Primorskiy, Plesetskiy and Holmogorskiy districts) relate to territories with surface drinking water source (Severnaya Dvina river). In etiological structure of water ictuses prevail cases of ictus morbidity of dysentery (63.7%), rotavirus infection (22.7%), ictuses of enterovirus infection (13.6%) and opportunistic flora (13.6%).
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