Introduction. Silicon is a unique element in its physicochemical properties, almost ubiquitous in water supply sources but is not normalized in drinking water in the world practice of ensuring the harmlessness of water use of the population. In our country, the half-century history of the development of hygienic silicon standards in the water began with the justification of the MPC of silicon-containing reagents used in water treatment. However, over time, doubts have arisen about the suitability of manufactured silicon standards for controlling natural silicon in drinking water. Proponents of the harmlessness of natural soluble forms of silicon advocated the elimination of silicon standards in water. In contrast, researchers of the action of silicon in silicon biogeochemical provinces have constantly revealed its adverse effects on the health of the population living in these regions, confirming this with animal experiments. methods. Literature search methods on Scopus, CyberLeninka, PubMed databases: selective, analytical-synthetic, typological. the main part. The review provides information on soluble forms of silicon, their stability and bioavailability, examines the retrospective and current state of hygienic rationing of silicon in water, discusses the shortcomings of the currently existing MPC of silicon, sodium and potassium silicates in drinking water. A detailed review of studies carried out in the silicon biogeochemical provinces of Chuvashia is given, where the inhabitants of the ecological disaster zone, who consumed drinking water with a profound imbalance of macro-and microelements and a high silicon content relative to the optimum area, observed various metabolic disorders (mineral, lipid, carbohydrate, peroxide), changes in microbiocenosis of the large intestine and immune status, an increase in the incidence rate of the adult population with chronic non-infectious diseases by 2-3 times against the national average, the highest incidence rates in children of all age groups. Conclusions. The review draws attention to the need for expanded studies of the effect on the body of natural silicon in drinking water with the usual balance of trace elements to resolve issues about the standards for natural silicon at the federal and regional levels and to establish differentiated standards for silicon-containing reagents in drinking water.
By the prevalence in the earth’s crust, silicon occupies the second place after oxygen. In different quantities silicon always presents in water and food products.The average daily dietary intake of silicon in Western world is about 20-50 mg/day. The biological role of silicon in human organism is still not clear, but it assumed to be necessary for processes of bone mineralization, collagen synthesis, it has a positive effect on the state of skin, hair, and nails, contributes to the prevention of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer disease. A number of scientific research is devoted to biological effects of silicon in animals and human subjects under intake with food and water, and substantiation of silicon (maximum admissible concentrations (MAC) in drinking water. In Chuvashia there was investigated the regional (geographical) pathology, which may be related with an increased silicon intake in association with the sharp imbalances of trace and macro elements in drinking water. Some measures were implemented to identify the possible role of silicon in etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report summarized materials for the experimental evaluation of the toxicity and harmless levels of silicon intake with food and water in animals. A series of studies was executed to simulate the development of silicon urolithiasis and for the elucidation of the role of macro- and microelements accompanying the intake of silicon into the body in stone formation. There are studied potential therapeutic effects of water soluble silicon compounds on human health. The standards of silicon in drinking water are regulated only in Russia and Australia. At the same time in our country there were formed two opposing points of view in relation to the hygienic standardization of silicon. The first is one - MAC of silicon in drinking water needs to be cancelled, the second - MAC of silicon in the water needs to be tightened. To resolve the contradictions it is advisable to use both the experience of harmonization of standards with international requirements, and the principle of silicon regional standardization, taking into consideration the biogeochemical characteristics of geographic areas. When searching the literature databases PubMed and CyberLeninka were used.
Water in its native form or as a component of various food products is the greatest and most frequently consumed part of daily nutrition. Scientifically justified criteria of its quality include epidemiologic and radiation safety, chemical harmlessness, and favorable organoleptic (aesthetic) properties. Over recent years in Russia more than 91.5 % population, and more than 96% in cities, have access to drinking water that conforms to all safety requirements. However, about 4-5 % of water samples taken from centralized water supply systems are not safe as per epidemiologic criteria. A drastic growth in chemical contamination of surface drinking water sources is another great concern.The authors focus on a modified procedure for detecting dextrose-positive bacteria that is, apart from being greatly informative, makes performance of sanitary-epidemiologic analysis much faster (approximately 1 day faster). It is confirmed that microbiologic control over blue pus bacilli occurrence is vital. The authors also show that when an internationally accepted term "mineral water" is divided into "mineral drinking curative water" and "mineral drinking curative and table water" accepted in Russia, it requires adjustment of some legal and regulatory documents and strict definition of parameters that are subject to control. It is recommended to develop regulatory and legal base so that it could promote manufacturing of bottled high quality water, including that for children nutrition.Overall, the authors show that development of drinking water market as a part of food market in the country requires updating of regulatory and methodical base for control over water quality and safety; improved systems of monitoring over epidemiologic safety based on up-to-date examination procedures and tools; putting health risk assessment methodology into practice in relation to consumption of water with diverse qualitative and quantitative structure.
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