1. A study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of mannanoligosaccharide (MOS, Bio-MOS, Alltech Inc.) on the growth performance, energy utilisation, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microflora of birds given a sorghum-wheat based diet. Two MOS levels (1 and 2 g/kg) were included in the diet. 2. Inclusion of MOS at both levels in the diet improved the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) values of the diet. However, these effects were not as pronounced as those of zinc bacitracin (ZnB) treatment. Dietary ZnB also significantly improved the net energy value of the diet. No significant differences between the different levels of MOS were noticed in the growth performance, AME and net energy values of the diet. Compared to the negative control, inclusion of 2 g/kg MOS tended to improve feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in the starter phase. 3. Dietary MOS did not affect the apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients compared to the negative control. In contrast, ZnB significantly improved the protein digestibility and tended to increase the starch digestibility. The addition of MOS reduced the concentration of arabinose in the soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) fraction in the excreta of birds; whereas, the concentrations of individual sugars in the insoluble NSP and free sugar fractions were increased by ZnB. 4. A decrease in the populations of lactobacilli and coliforms in the ileal and caecal lumen was observed for MOS and ZnB treatments. Correspondingly, pH and microbial fermentation in the gut was altered. The addition of MOS tended to reduce the coliform load at the gut mucosa. 5. Results from the current study suggest that MOS can improve the apparent energy utilisation of the diet and tend to improve FCE of birds in the first three posthatch weeks, which may be partly related to the modulatory effects of MOS on the gut microflora.
Energy and nitrogen (N) metabolism were studied in 6-week-old male birds taken from 4 lines of chickens selected for 10 generations for increased weight gain (line W), increased food consumption (line F), increased conversion of food to gain (line E) or at random (controls, line C). Calorimetric measurements were made 8 times on each line while fed ad libitum in large open-circuit respiration chambers for 3 d, and 11 to 13 times without food in smaller closed-circuit respiration chambers for 24 h. The F line ate 60% more food, produced 90% more excreta and 34% more heat and retained 80% more energy and 35% more N in their bodies than lines E and C. Line W was intermediate. When differences in body weight were taken into account, the E and W lines had lower heat production than the C line, while the F line ate 40% more food, produced 30% more heat and retained 70% more energy and 30% more N than the E line. In lines W, F, E and C respectively, the mean metabolisability of dietary energy (%) was 69.4, 62.9, 70.1 and 67.8; the fasting heat production (mean +/- SE) was 481 +/- 9, 569 +/- 10, 485 +/- 9, and 508 +/- 9 kJ/kgW d; the net availability of metabolisable energy (NAME) was 0.68 +/- 0.05, 0.76 +/- 0.04, 0.85 +/- 0.06 and 0.73 +/- 0.04; the estimated daily maintenance energy requirements were 671 +/- 15,866 +/- 14,701 +/- 13, and 742 +/- 11 kJ ME/kgW; and the proportion of N retained per unit increase in N intake was 0.38 +/- 0.08, 0.50 +/- 0.06, 0.56 +/- 0.10 and 0.53 +/- 0.06. The contribution of line differences in the above traits to large line differences in efficiency of food utilisation is discussed.
Zusammenfassung Der günstige Einfluß einer mikrobiellen Phytase in Rationen für wachsende Küken und Enten Es wurde der Einfluß einer mikrobiellen Phytase im Futter auf die Phosphorfreisetzung in Rationen mit Hirse und Sojabohnenmehl mit und ohne Zusatz von CaHPO4 (Diät 4 und 5) bei wachsenden Küken und Enten untersucht. Bei Küken wurde die P‐Retention bei Zugabe von Phytase um 18% gesteigert. Verbessert wurde ebenfalls die Wachstumsrate, die Futterverwertung, die N‐Retention, der Tibia‐Asche‐ und P‐Gehalt. Dieser günstige Effekt ist unabhängig vom Zusatz von CaHPO4. Bei Enten betrug die Erhöhung der P‐Retention 29%. Bei den Rationen ohne CaHPO4 waren der Tibia‐Asche‐Gehalt, die Futteraufnahme, die Wachstumssrate jedoch nicht die Futterverwertung verbessert. Der Zusatz von CaHPO4 führte dazu, daß der Einsatz der mikrobiellen Phytase keinen Effekt bedingte. Mit Hilfe des slope‐ratio assay und des Knochenaschegehaltes als Parameter, wurde eine Verfügbarkeit für P von 58% in Sojabohnenmehl beobachtet.
This study assessed a simple factorial method to predict energy expenditure (EE) in confined and free-living subjects. Thirteen subjects (seven male, 6 female) were studied on four occasions each. Measurements included BMR, 24-h EE by continuous respirometry, 4-d records of intake and activities, body weight, and urine collections. Agreement between measured and predicted 24-h EE was within +/- 2% for group results and +/- 10% for most individuals. Individual agreement was improved to within +/- 5% by using measured rather than predicted BMR. Habitual energy intake was 7.3% greater (p less than 0.05) than predicted EE in males and 5.1% less (NS) in females. Validatory data suggested overrecording of intake in males and underrecording in females. Large individual differences between habitual intake and predicted EE were observed but were significantly (p less than 0.01) correlated with both weight change and protein balance. Our simple factorial method provided acceptable estimates of EE in the subjects studied.
1. Four different methods (dual semi-quick (DSQ), conventional, a true metabolisable energy (ATM) method and Farrell's rapid method) were used to measure in adult roosters the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and true metabolisable energy (TME) of four maize-based diets with bran inclusions of 0, 200, 400 and 600 g/kg 2. Daily food intakes per bird were 75 g (or ad libitum) (H), 35 g (M) and 10 g (L). AME values determined by DSQ, conventional and Farrell methods were not different at the two highest intakes but were depressed at L intakes. ATM method often gave different values from other methods, particularly at the lowest intake. 3. The linear relationships between food intake and excreta energy yielded intercept values of 13 to 32 kJ/d for three methods; but ATM method yielded intercepts of 31 to 52 kJ/d. In a separate experiment it was demonstrated that a linear model may not be the most appropriate fit to such data. Removal of data for the 10 g/d intake yielded linear regression equations with intercepts not significantly different from zero for the two continuous feeding methods (i.e. a zero estimate for endogenous urinary and metabolic faecal energy (EEL), but for the two methods using a single input after fasting, intercepts were almost always positive. This confirms Härtel's (1986) observation of the absence of EEL under continuous feeding but its ever presence using a TME assay. 4. Correction of AME for EEL to obtain TME tended to increase values for all diets and also within a diet with decreasing intakes. The effect of correcting AME to nitrogen balance (n) was to give AME n values that were more consistent between diets and reduced differences between methods. For the conventional method differences between the three intakes on all diets were greatly reduced. 483 Downloaded by [] at 00:03 05 February 2015 484 D. J. FARRELL ETAL.5. There is reason to be concerned about the many different metabolisable energy values obtained using the ATM method compared to the three other methods and the basis for correcting for endogenous excreta. It is concluded that because of the uncertainty of EEL values, their variation and application, the AME system should be retained.
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