Plants belonging to the Rosa genus are known for their high content of bioactive molecules and broad spectrum of healing and cosmetic activities. Rosa platyacantha Schrenk is a wild-type species abundant in the mountainous regions of Kazakhstan. The phytochemical composition as well as the bioactivity of R. platyacantha extracts have not been fully investigated to date. In this study, various parts of R. platyacantha plant, collected in Almaty region, Kazakhstan, were used to prepare five hydroalcoholic extracts (R1–R5). The extracts were compared for the content of phytochemicals and selected biological activities, which are important for the potential cosmetic application of R. platyacantha. Extract R3, prepared from flower buds, showed the most significant antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory potential, decreasing the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of tyrosinase. Extract R3 showed also collagenase inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity against human melanoma cells A375, being less cytotoxic for noncancerous skin keratinocytes HaCaT. Analysis of fractions E and F, obtained from R3 extracts, revealed that quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, and their derivatives are more likely responsible for the tyrosinase inhibitory properties of R. platyacantha extracts.
Imidazole derivatives are the perspective class of drugs with a broad spectrum of application in medicine. Imidazole is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring; it has two equivalent forms; hydrogen atom may be located on any of two nitrogen atoms. Imidazole ring may interact with various cations and anions, as well as with biomolecules by different reactions; the presence of various groups in the nitrogenous heterocycle structure makes it possible to identify substances with a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects. They are very important for the production of new drugs and recently draw the special interest of scientists due to their properties in the chemistry and pharmacology. Introduction of highly active Imidazole has stimulated the significant achievements in the field of chemotherapeutic agents and plays the very important role in medicine. Therefore, the active search for highly active Imidazole compounds still continues. This article describes the antifungal and antibacterial effects identified in preclinical studies through a literature review. The purpose of this work is to review the principal effects of Imidazole published in the scientific literature in recent years.
BackgroundThe aim of this study was to analyze the antifungal activity and the general toxicity of a new dental gel containing essential oil from the tree Abies sibirica L., which grows in the Republic of Kazakhstan.Material/MethodsThe essential oil from Abies sibirica L. was obtained by microwave heating method using the STARTE Microwave Extraction System. Adjutants used to prepare the oil were carbomer 974P, glycerin, polysorbate 80, xylitol, triethanolamine, and purified water, all allowed for medical usage. The antifungal activity of the essential oil was assessed by monitoring the optical density of Candida albicans in a microplate reader. The safety was determined by analyzing the acute and subacute toxicity.ResultsThe essential oil obtained by the microwave heating method revealed a higher antifungal activity in comparison with the essential oil obtained by the steam distillation method. No obvious changes were detected in guinea pigs following cutaneous application of the gel. Enteral administration of the essential oil caused minimal functional and histological changes in mice after 4 weeks. The new harmless dental gel containing pine oil from Abies sibirica L. was provided for the purposes of this particular clinical research.ConclusionsThe high antifungal activity of the gel is the basis for more in-depth studies on its safety and pharmacological activity.
OBJECTIVES: Despite all the control efforts, Malaysia has yet to effectively reduce the incidence rate of tuberculosis(TB). TB is not only highly contagious but also causing a significant economic burden in the order of USD16 million/year as reported by World Health Organization(WHO) in 2014. This study aimed to evaluate the economic impact of TB control in Malaysia using a dynamic transmission model. METHODS: Prior to model building, a disease burden study was performed in the state of Selangor representing 18% of the Malaysian population. Identified patient medical records from public hospitals and clinics were randomly selected for study. All direct costs of TB management were captured for analysis. A dynamic transmission model was built to project future disease and economic burdens over a 10-year period. The study was performed from a government perspective. All costs are expressed as USD median (interquartile range). A 3% discount rate was used for projections. RESULTS: A total of 436 successfully treated cases were included in this study. Of these, 195(44.7%) cases required hospitalisation during treatment period. USD616(487-763)/patient was used for non-hospitalisation cases compared to USD1,848(1,284)/patient for those requiring hospitalisation representing a 3-fold increase. 119 incomplete treatment cases were selected for comparison. USD337(193-902)/patient was used for these incomplete cases. Our model suggests that the total TB cases will increase by 65% in 10 years' time. Using the baseline TB population in 2011, an estimated total of USD22.9 million(15.5-37.6 million)/year was used for direct medical costs. Based on a local estimated 6.9% incompletion treatment rate, an extra USD5.3 million(3.5-8.6 million)/year (22.9% increase) would be required by 2021. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are consistent with WHO report. In Malaysia, hospitalisation appears to be the major cost driver for TB patients receiving treatment. Healthcare strategies such as early detection, increased awareness of TB and improved compliance may potentially reduce TB health budget. PIN98 cost of aDmINstratIoN of a sINglE DosE of rotavIrus vaccINE IN caNaDaNoorduyn S. G. , Thommes E. W. GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga, ON, Canada OBJECTIVES: Differences in vaccine schedules may result in additional costs beyond the differences due to pricing variation between two products. There are two oral rotavirus vaccines approved for use in Canada; one vaccine is approved as a twodose schedule while the other is approved as a three-dose schedule. The objective of this study is to explore the cost of administration of a single dose of either rotavirus vaccine in each Canadian province as well as for the country overall. METHODS: Two extremes were considered: Every dose administered by a physician either (i) requires a visit solely for that purpose (cost = administration + visit), or (ii) occurs as part of a regular visit (cost = administration only). All costs were derived from the relevant fee for service agreement of each province and territory i...
their uninsured status. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of new health system from the perspective of the insured students one year after program implementation. METHODS: Based on the Chinese Customer Satisfaction Index and review of the literatures, we built a satisfaction evaluation system for URMS of university students, with one first-level, 7 second-level (Latent variable, xm) and 24 third-level indicators (Explicit variable, yn) to be scored on a five-point Likert-type scale. After pilot testing and subsequent adjustment, 400 questionnaires were issued to students in 4 universities in NE China. After obtaining the affecting order of third indexes to their corresponding secondary index through the correlation test, a Structural Equation Model (SEM) for the satisfaction assessment of URSM was built basing on the calculated Path coefficient between the xm and yn after multiple linear regressions. Goodness of fit statistics of SEM were used to assess the match between this model and satisfaction assessment. RESULTS: A total of 393 questionnaires were returned giving a recovered rate 98.3%. The path coefficients between xm and yn were: customer trust 1.26, the perceived quality 0.88, customer complaints 0.80, customer expectations 0.44, public information 0.31, and image of the government 0.29. The satisfaction score of UMRS (29.06 out of 69.75 points) showed very low satisfaction level of university students towards the program. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed the satisfaction assessment model was suitable to this study. Based on the order of path coefficients, several reform proposals for improving university students' medical insurance are proposed, including establishing a multi-level medical insurance system with corresponding regulatory and monitoring mechanism of its performance; as well as enhancing awareness and education of students about health insurance.
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