Effects of 2,4-D(2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) and Dichlorvos(2,2-dichlorovinyl dimenthyl phosphate DDVP) were investigated on soil microbial population in a 4 weeks experiment. Soil samples were serially diluted and inoculated using pour plate method on different medium and incubated at 37°C for 24 and 48 hrs for enumeration of microbial diversity, colonies that appeared on plates were counted. At pre-application of 2,4-D, bacteria had the highest population (9.5x107 Cfu), followed by fungi (7.5x105 Cfu ), actinomycetes (1.6x106 Cfu) and protozoa (1.1x103 Cfu). Likewise, the pre-application of DDVP represents the population count of microorganisms in the following manner: Bacteria (8.0x107 Cfu)>fungi (5.1x105 Cfu)>actinomycetes (1.0x106 Cfu)> protozoa (1.0x103 Cfu)f The post-application of 2,4-D and DDVP also had the similar pattern of population count. With percentage difference on each of the microbial counts, 2,4-D of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and protozoa (99.5%, 95.3%, 99.9% and 86.0% respectively), DDVP percentage difference (99.2%, 99.4%, 99.3% and 98.6% respectively). Application of these pesticides at recommended rates was followed by the general decline in microbial counts. Therefore, the pesticides had toxic effects on microorganisms which may be beneficial to cultivated plants.
Antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of the crude extract of some selected plant samples against some microbial isolates was investigated.Plant samples were extracted using ethyl acetate and methanol as extracting solvents based on polarity. Antimicrobial studies was carried out using Agar disc diffusion method. Zones of inhibitions were measured, Tetracycline, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Ofloxacin antibiotics were used as positive control. Extracting solvent served as negative control and work was done in triplicates.Plant samples were found to contain several bioactive compounds in various combinations. Ethyl acetate Pawpaw leaves extract gave the best results with zones of inhibition as high as 27.3 ± 11.7mm and 25.3 ± 0.6mm against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans respectively, while methanol Pawpaw leaves extracts gave the best result with zone of inhibition as high as 25.0 ± 13.0mm against Staphylococcus aureus. Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol in all cases and for both extracting solvents showed no significant difference in the mean zone of inhibition compared with plant extracts at 5% level of significance. The minimum bactericidal concentration was found with ethyl acetate pawpaw leaves extract against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bactericidal) at 100mg/ml and 200mg/ml respectively while all the others were bacteriostatic.It was thus concluded that the selected plant extracts could serve as alternative drugs for the treatment of diseases.
The microorganisms associated with soil polluted with petroleum hydrocarbon were isolated at NNPC depot Ibadan, in Ido Local Government Areas of Oyo State. Soil samples were taken from three different points along the point of discharge. The spread plate method was used to isolate the microorganisms found in these rivers and were later identified. From the research, seven different species of microorganism were isolated, which are Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp. Staphylococcus aureaus sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp. and Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas species were found to be more prominent in the samples collected in a research work. This suggested that the isolates are resistant to the petroleum hydrocarbon and can be recommended as candidates for the clean-up of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil.
Aims: Spigelia anthelmia is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of diverse diseases and contain plant-based natural bio-active constituents. Study Design: Phytochemical and mineral analysis of Spigelia anthelmia leaves using standard analytical procedures. Place and Duration of Study: Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, between May 2019 and July 2019. Methodology: Phytochemical and phytomineral status of Spigelia anthelmia leaves were investigated using standard analytical procedures. Phytochemicals screening/analysis examined include; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, tannin, phenolics, cardiac glycosides, phlobatannin and terpenoids. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to determine the minerals which are calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu), while flame photometer was used in determining potassium (K) and sodium (Na). Data were presented using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation). Results: Result indicates the presence of phytochemicals in the leaves of S. anthelmia, the quantitative analysis shows: alkaloid (2.34mg/100g), flavonoid (6.13mg/100g), saponin (18.12mg/100g), tannin (9.61mg/100g), phenol (4.61mg/100g), cardiac glycosides (1.89mg/100g), terpenoids (0.98mg/100g) and phlobatannin (0.32mg/100g). The macro elements reveals Na (0.022%), K (0.23%), Ca (0.48%), Mg (0.15%), P (0.035%), while the micro element shows that Fe (0.19%), Mn (0.003%), Cu (0.001%), Zn (0.004%). Conclusion: The result suggests that S. anthelmia has a strong pharmacological prowess and could be used in the prevention and treatment of various health-related diseases.
Dialium guineense is an important medicinal plant used in fighting diverse diseases because of the presence of vitamin c it contains. This study is aimed at varying the vitamin composition of Dialium guineense fruit pulp obtained from four accessions from different geopolitical locations (South-West, South-South, SouthEast , North-Central) in Nigeria. Different vitamins were considered which includes; Vitamin A, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C and Vitamin E. The vitamin composition of D. guineense fruit pulp were done according to the standard biochemical method. The result obtained for all the four accessions shows varying quantities in the vitamins investigated. Vitamin C has the highest amount in varying quantities with the trend:
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