We measure 114 nuclide-production cross sections for an isotopically enriched 208 Pb target bombarded with 1.0 GeV protons. The cross sections are determined using direct ␥ spectrometry with a high-resolution Ge detector. The cross sections are compared to another experiment which used ␥ spectrometry with a natural Pb target; our results average 7.5% less for nuclides measured in common. They are also compared to a kinematically inverse reaction of 1 GeV/nucleon 208 Pb interacting with a hydrogen target; we find our results average 15% higher than those for ͑a different set of͒ common nuclides. We find there is a systematic discrepancy between the cross sections found from the two very different experimental techniques. We also compare our measurements to eight different models. We find most are fairly reliable in predicting cross sections for nuclides not too far away in mass from Pb, but differ greatly in their reliability for nuclides in the deepspallation and fission mass regions. In the spallation region (Aտ155), the CEM2K code, which includes an intranuclear cascade, followed by a preequilibrium stage, leading finally to equilibrium decay, gives the best representation of our data. In the center of the fission/fragmentation mass region, the INUCL code is the most accurate. INUCL includes the same basic ingredients of cascade, preequilibrium, and evaporation, but differs considerably in details. It also contains a comprehensive fission model, which is lacking in CEM2K. No simulation code tested is reliable for the entire mass range of nuclides measured.

The work is aimed at experimental determining and computer simulating the independent and cumulative yields of residual product nuclei in the target and structure materials of the transmutation facilities driven by high-current accelerators. The ITEP U-10 accelerator was used in 48 experiments to obtain more than 4000 values of the yields of radioactive residual product nuclei in 0.1-2.

The results of experimental and computer simulation studies of the yields of residual product nuclei in 209 Bi thin targets irradiated by 130 MeV and 1.5 GeV protons are presented. The yields were measured by direct high-precision γ-spectrometry. The γ-spectrometer resolution was 1.8 keV in the 1332 keV line. The γ-spectra were processed by the ASPRO code. The γ-lines were identified, and the cross sections defined, by the SIGMA code using the GDISP radioactive database. The process was monitored by the 27 Al(p,x) 24 Na reaction. Results are presented for comparisons between the 209 Bi(p,x) reaction yields obtained experimentally and simulated by the HETC, GNASH, LAHET, INUCL, CEM95, CASCADE, and ALICE codes.

Considering the prospects of using the W-Na target assemblies in ADS facilities, the experiments were made to study the nuclear-physics characteristics of W and Na, and the composite structures thereof in their interactions with 0.8-GeV and 1.6-GeV protons. The neutron and proton-induced reaction rates were measured inside, and on the surface of, a cylinder-shaped heterogeneous W-Na assembly together with the double-differential spectra of secondary neutrons emitted from different-depth W and Na discs. The measurement results were simulated by the LAHET, CEM2k, and KASKAD-S codes in terms of the latest versions of nuclear databases.

The experimental results of the activation spectra, dose rate measurements, and the residual nuclide production cross sections obtained after the irradiation of the NatCu and 59Co targets by 12C ion beams at ITEP and GSI are presented in this paper. These results are compared with simulations by the CASCADE and LAQGSM codes.