Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Residual Product Nuclide Yields in 100-2600 MeV Proton-Irradiated Thin Targets

Titarenko, Yury E.; Batyaev, V. F.; Karpikhin, E. I.; Koldobsky, Alexander; Zhivun, V. M.; Mulambetov, R. D.; Kvasova, Svetlana V.; Barashenkov, V.S.; Mashnik, S. G.; Prael, R.E.; Sierk, Arnold J.; Yasuda, Hideshi; Saito, Masaki

doi:10.1080/00223131.2002.10875311

Cited by 16 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Of course, the spectrum of residual product nuclei in target materials differs substantially from the spectrum of the fission reaction products. But, as already mentioned, nuclei from beryllium to polonium isotopes have been detected among the reaction products, provided that bismuth is introduced into the target [12,13]. The reaction products which have been identified also include long-lived nuclides, for example, 207 Bi (T 1/2 = = 32.9 ± 1.9 yr) and 194 Hg (T 1/2 = 444 yr), and the spectrum of α emitting nuclei even broadens as result of the formation of α lanthanides, for example, 148 Gd (T 1/2 = 74.6 yr, E α = 3.18 MeV, Y α = 100%).…”

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confidence: 92%

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Analysis of the main nuclear-physical characteristics of the interaction of proton beams with heavy metal targets

et al. 2008

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It is shown that the concept of relativistic heavy-nuclear energy is untenable. Using a large group of different experiments in the proton energy range 0. it is demonstrated that the high-energy hadron transport program SHIELD, which is based on modern nuclear models, has predictive power. The interaction of protons with energy ranging from 0.1 to 100 GeV with a simple model system target + blanket, containing heavy elements (lead, thorium, depleted and enriched uranium), is examined. The energy release, neutron production, and production of fissile isotopes in the system are calculated. It is found that for all values of the proton energy which are considered the useful yield of energy in weakly fissile media is inadequate (thorium, depleted uranium) and is completely absent in non-fissile media (lead). A blanket containing enriched uranium will be necessary in order to use the scheme for useful production of energy. In this variant, the optimal proton energy is 1-3 GeV, which corresponds to the conventional concept of electronuclear facilities whose main purpose is to transmute nuclear wastes and produce electricity at the same time.The concept of commercial production of energy using accelerators to accelerate heavy charged particles has been discussed since the beginning of the 1950s. According to this concept, a beam of protons or ions with sufficiently high energy should generate a large number of neutrons on interacting with a heavy target. Facilities which function according to this principle are said to be electronuclear facilities. The accelerator must be a high-current accelerator in order to produce more neutrons, and for this reason the target is a complicated technical system. An advantage of electronuclear facilities over conventional nuclear reactors is that there is no possibility of reactivity accidents.

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“…Many computational-theoretical investigations and numerous experiments studying neutron generation and energy production in heavy targets in proton beams are now being conducted. Examples are [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

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confidence: 99%

Analysis of the main nuclear-physical characteristics of the interaction of proton beams with heavy metal targets

et al. 2008

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“…[18,19], and a detailed consideration of their main components can be found in the references collected in [5]. All these codes calculate the independent cross-sections of the residual nuclei while their cumulative production cross-sections must be calculated in accordance with the formulas presented in [5]. The calculated cumulative crosssections for the Table 6 The above statistical factors demonstrate that the discrepancy between the experimental results obtained in different laboratories is much lower than the discrepancy between model calculations and experimental data.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A brief overview of these codes is given in Refs. [18,19], and a detailed consideration of their main components can be found in the references collected in [5]. All these codes calculate the independent cross-sections of the residual nuclei while their cumulative production cross-sections must be calculated in accordance with the formulas presented in [5].…”

Section: Comparison With Model Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excitation functions of the natCr(p,x)44Ti, 56Fe(p,x)44Ti, natNi(p,x)44Ti and 93Nb(p,x)44Ti reactions at energies up to 2.6 GeV

Titarenko

Batyaev

Pavlov

et al. 2016

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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a b s t r a c tThe paper presents the measured cumulative yields of 44 Ti for nat Cr, 56 Fe, nat Ni and 93 Nb samples irradiated by protons at the energy range 0.04-2.6 GeV. The obtained excitation functions are compared with calculations of the well-known codes: ISABEL, Bertini, INCL4.2þABLA, INCL4.5þ ABLA07, PHITS, CASCADE07 and CEM03.02. The predictive power of these codes regarding the studied nuclides is analyzed.

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“…The following were determined in experiments performed with the U-10 proton synchrotron at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics: 1) the cross section for the production of product nuclei in various thin targets, both enriched with 182-184,186 W using 0.2, 0.8, and 1.7 GeV protons and with naturally occurring composition using 2.6 GeV protons [2,3];…”

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Experimental determination and computational modeling of threshold reaction rates in 0.8 GeV proton-irradiated lead target

et al. 2009

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The results of an experimental determination and computational modeling of the rates of threshold reactions on 209 the external surface of and inside a thick lead target irradiated by 0.8 GeV protons are presented. The reaction rates were measured by γ spectrometry using Ge and (Ge-Li) detectors with resolution 1.8 and 2.9 keV, respectively, on the 1332 keV γ-line. Measurements of 2467 independent and cumulative threshold reaction rates were performed with 244 samples. The LAHET program was used for computational modeling of the results. The MENDL and MENDL2p libraries, the EXFOR databases, and the LAHET program were used to construct the excitation functions of the nuclides formed. The experimentally measured reaction rates are compared with the computed rates. The neutron and proton fluxes along the target, both on its external surface and in the interior volume, were calculated using the experimental threshold reaction rates and the computed cross sections of the reactions averaged over the spectrum of the neutrons and protons. The reaction rates measured inside and on the surface of a natural-lead target were used to determine the accuracy with which the target's activity is measured.Two types of facilities are now being designed and built on the basis of high-current accelerators. The first type consists of neutron sources which can be used successfully in fundamental and applied physics, materials science, and biology; the second type consists of electronuclear facilities for transmutation of radioactive wastes and, possibly, the production of electricity. Even though there are structural differences, which are due to the purpose of a facility, the two types have a unit in common -a target which is bombarded by a proton beam from a high-current linear accelerator. Ordinarily, a Pb + Bi eutectic, Pb, Hg (liquid targets), or W, Ta (solid targets) are used as target materials.The presence of a target unit, which is used to generate neutrons of a hadron-nuclear cascade, in nuclear facilities raises the problem of determining its basic neutron-physical parameters. Individual parameters directly affect the nuclear-physical characteristics of the blanket (the total yield and spectrum of neutrons from the target); other parameters affect the nuclear-physical characteristics of the target itself (energy release, radiation resistance, production of residual prod-

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Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Residual Product Nuclide Yields in 100-2600 MeV Proton-Irradiated Thin Targets

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Analysis of the main nuclear-physical characteristics of the interaction of proton beams with heavy metal targets

Analysis of the main nuclear-physical characteristics of the interaction of proton beams with heavy metal targets

Excitation functions of the natCr(p,x)44Ti, 56Fe(p,x)44Ti, natNi(p,x)44Ti and 93Nb(p,x)44Ti reactions at energies up to 2.6 GeV

Experimental determination and computational modeling of threshold reaction rates in 0.8 GeV proton-irradiated lead target

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