The genus Malassezia has been revised using morphology, ultrastructure, physiology and molecular biology. As a result the genus has been enlarged to include seven species comprising the three former taxa M. furfur, M. pachydermatis and M. sympodialis, and four new taxa M. globosa, M. obtusa, M. restricta and M. slooffiae. The descriptions of all the species include morphology of the colonies and of the cells, together with ultrastructural details. The physiological properties studied were the presence of catalase, the tolerance of 37 degrees C and the ability to utilize certain concentrations of Tween 20, 40, 60 and 80 as a source of lipid in a simple medium. Information is given for each of the taxa on mole% GC and also the rRNA sequence from the comparison previously described for the genus.

Six human pathogenic Trichosporon species are described with respect to criteria for routine identification, epidemiology and clinical origin: T. ovoides, T. inkin, T. asahii, T. asteroides (Fissuricella filamenta), T. cutaneum, and T. mucoides. These species are causative agents of white piedra and cutaneous infections and are involved in systemic, localized or disseminated mycoses, particularly in patients with underlying haematological malignancy. Data on in vitro sensitivity to antifungal drugs are provided.

The genus Trichosporon was revised using characters of morphology, ultrastructure, physiology, ubiquinone systems, mol% G + C of DNA, DNA/DNA reassociations and 26S ribosomal RNA partial sequences. A total of 101 strains was used, including all available type and authentic cultures of previously described taxa. Nineteen taxa could be distinguished, 15 of which having Q-9 coenzyme systems and 4 having Q-10. Sixteen previously described names were reduced to synonymy. One new species was described. The genus is characterized by the presence of arthroconidia. Few species possess further diagnostic morphological characters, such as the presence of appressoria, macroconidia or meristematic conidiation. The septa of two species were found to be non-perforate, while those of the remaining species contained dolipores at variable degrees of differentiation, with or without vesicular or tubular parenthesomes. All species were able to assimilate a large number of carbon compounds; visible CO2 production was absent. The genus was found to be fairly homogeneous on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of partial 26S rRNA sequences, with the exception of T. pullulans which proved to be unrelated. Most taxa were found to occupy well-defined ecological niches. Within the group of taxa isolated from humans, a distinction could be made between those involved in systemic mycoses and those which mainly caused pubic or non-pubic white piedras, respectively. One species was consistently associated with animals, while others came mainly from soil or water. One species was mesophilic and another psychrophilic.

One hundred and four Malassezia strains (52 isolated from humans and 52 from animals) were compared using large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA sequence similarity and nuclear DNA complementarity. Eight groups of strains were recognized as genetically distinct species. Each taxon was confirmed by a homogeneous mole % GC and percentages of DNA/DNA reassociations higher than 85%. The non-lipid-dependent Malassezia yeasts were maintained as the unique taxon M. pachydermatis. In contrast, lipid-dependent strains were shown to be distributed among seven species: M. furfur, M. sympodialis and M. species 1-5. These taxa matched remarkably well with morphological and serological differences documented by previous investigators. The LSU rRNA sequences allowed a further intraspecific resolution with most of genomic taxa represented by several closely related sequences: M. pachydermatis counted up to seven sequences, M. furfur four sequences, M. species 1 comprised three sequences and M. species 2 and M. species 5 two sequences. Three species, M. sympodialis, M. species 3 and M. species 4, displayed a unique type of sequence. Thus, the present report demonstrates the usefulness of sequencing for both taxonomic and epidemiological purposes.

In recent years, the genus Malassezia has been reclassified based on molecular data. In addition to M. furfur, M. pachydermatis and M. sympodialis, four new species, M. globosa, M. obtusa, M. restricta and M. slooffiiae, have been described. However, apart from their lipid dependence, little is known about the metabolism and nutritional requirements of all the seven species. Further to recent studies, 10 hydrophilic emulsifiers (HLB > 10) were examined in an agar diffusion test to determine their growth-promoting effect on reference strains of the different Malassezia species. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 7 glyceryl monoalcanoate (Cetiol HE). PEG-glyceryl stearate (Tagat S2) and macrogol-50 stearate (Myrj 53) were metabolized by all strains, while PEG-35 castor oil (Cremophor EL) was metabolized only by M. furfur. The latter observation is due to a different metabolism of castor oil and its main component, ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy oleic acid), which may also give an insight into the pathogenesis of diseases that are associated with Malassezia spp. As hydroxy fatty acids are important in maintaining the epidermal structure and function, their metabolism specifically by M. furfur might clarify some clinical aspects of pityriasis versicolor. Apart from this speculation, use of Cremophor EL, with splitting of esculin as an additional key character, improves the distinction of the species M. furfur, M. slooffiae and M. sympodialis.

The human and animal pathogenic yeast genus Malassezia has received considerable attention in recent years from dermatologists, other clinicians, veterinarians and mycologists. Some points highlighted in this review include recent advances in the technological developments related to detection, identification, and classification of Malassezia species. The clinical association of Malassezia species with a number of mammalian dermatological diseases including dandruff, seborrhoeic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor, psoriasis, folliculitis and otitis is also discussed.

The currently recognized seven species of Malassezia all have different karyotypes which do not vary intraspecifically, except in M. furfur which displayed two different karyotypes. In contrast, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing showed the presence of genetic variation in all species. It is concluded that karyotype analysis is useful for species identification, and RAPD typing can be used in epidemiological investigations.

and ¶Unit6 de Biologie Cellulaire Marine, URA 6 71-CNRS Paris 6, Station Zoologique 06230, Villefranche sur Mer, FranceThe controversy about the appropriate taxonomic placement of agents of subcutaneous and systemic mycoses in either Cladosporium or Xylohypha, both genera characterized by conidia being produced in dry, acropetal chains, was addressed with partial sequencing of LS ribosomal RNA. Observation of catenate anamorphs in species of Capronia (Ascomycotina, Herpotrichiellaceae), a genus which also has anamorphs in Exophiala, suggested the possibility of a close interrelationship of all humanassociated taxa. To test this hypothesis, partial sequences of 43 strains of Cladosporium/Xylohypha were analysed. Human-pathogenic and saprophytic Cladosporium species were found to be phylogenetically distinct from each other and, on the basis of known teleomorph relationships, were considered to be anamorphs of Herpotrichiellaceae and Mycosphaerellaceae, respectively. They should therefore be classified in different anamorph-genera; Cladosporium being restricted to plantassociated species. A relatively large proportion of the Herpotrichiellaceae is presumed to be animal-associated. The black yeast genus Exophiala was also confirmed to be of herpotrichiellaceous relationship. The genus Xylohypha is unrelated.