The braking system of a car must meet several requirements, among which safety is the most important. It is also composed of a set of mechanical parts such as springs, different types of materials (Metallic and Non Metallic), gases and liquids. The brakes must work safely and predictably in all circumstances, which means having a stable level of friction, in any condition of temperature, humidity and salinity of the environment. For a correct design and operation of brake discs, it is necessary to consider different aspects, such as geometry, type of material, mechanical strength, maximum temperature, thermal deformation, cracking resistance, among others. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to analyze the dynamics and kinetics of the brake system from the pedal as the beginning of mathematical calculations to simulate the behavior and Analysis of Finite Elements (FEA), with the help of SolidWorks Simulation Software. The results show that the third brake disc works best in relation to the other two discs in their different working conditions such as speed and displacement in braking, concluding that depending on the geometry of the brake and the cooling channels these systems can be optimized that are of great importance for the automotive industry.Keywords: Dynamics, friction, FEA, CFD, disc brakes, automobile. RESUMENEl sistema de frenado de un automóvil debe satisfacer varios requerimientos, entre los cuales, la seguridad es el más importante. Además, está compuesto por un conjunto de piezas mecánicas tales como: resortes, diferentes tipos de materiales (Metálicos y No Metálicos), gases y líquidos. Los frenos deben trabajar en forma segura y predecible en cualquier circunstancia, lo cual implica disponer de un nivel estable de fricción en cualquier condición de temperatura, humedad y salinidad del medio ambiente. Para un correcto diseño y operación de los discos de freno, es necesario considerar diferentes aspectos, tales como la geometría, el tipo de material, la resistencia mecánica, la temperatura máxima, la deformación térmica, la resistencia al agrietamiento, entre otros. Por lo anterior, el principal objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la dinámica y la cinética del sistema de freno a partir del pedal como inicio de los cálculos matemáticos para simular el comportamiento en mediante el Análisis de Elementos Finitos (FEA), con la ayuda del Software SolidWorks Simulation. Los resultados demuestran que el disco de freno número tres funciona mejor con relación a los otros dos discos en sus diferentes condiciones de trabajo, como lo son velocidad y desplazamiento en frenado. Así, se concluye que dependiendo de la geometría del freno y de los canales de refrigeración, se pueden optimizar estos sistemas de gran importancia para la industria automotriz.

Braking systems are undoubtedly the most important component for road safety, since it determines the total or partial stop of a vehicle and, therefore, guarantees the physical integrity of passengers. Normally, the front brake discs and the remaining percentage absorb 70% of the kinetic energy produced within a vehicle by the rear brake discs, which tend to have the form of a drum brake. These systems benefit from friction to stop a moving vehicle, under the umbrella of hydraulic pressure that pushes the brake pads against the iron-cast disk. In this document, concepts of famous authors around the world on analysis and evaluation of brake discs are provided, which are carried out using a descriptive methodology and an estimation of the characteristics of the brake disc. The review is carried out in computer assisted design through several existing CAD software in the industry, as the main methodology applied to the development of certain research projects, where different geometric characteristics of the brake discs are considered, as well as problems related to wear and corrosion. This research project has shown that it is vital to incorporate existing computer assisted design software to predict performance, improve components and optimize the functionality of the brake system. In this way, road traffic safety and systems efficiency are achieved, which are a matter of great importance for the industry. It is vital to analyze brake systems through Finite Element Analysis (FEA), with the intention of achieving a broader vision of its performance, since the information collected reveals that the geometric characteristics of the brake and cooling ducts influence the heat dissipation. It depends on the form, the type of material and the application, the heat generated between the pad and the brake. Therefore, the heat is dissipated rapidly according to the analysis performed mathematically by the researchers, which are compared with the made in computer assisted design software.

Se hizo una relación de las empresas ladrilleras dedicadas a la producción de materiales cerámicos en el municipio de Ocaña, identificando tipo de horno, capacidad y producción. Luego se seleccionó una muestra de siete empresas ladrilleras, a las que se les practicó un muestreo isocinético donde se determinó la concentración de emisiones reguladas por la resolución 909 de junio de 2008 (porcentajes de oxígeno, monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono y óxido de nitrógeno),finalmente se hace un análisis del cumplimiento  de los requisitos establecidos en la normativa ambiental vigente para emisión por fuentes fijas en las ladrilleras a los hornos en mención ,de lo que se establece que las empresas seleccionadas cumplen con los requisitos establecidos en la normatividad ambiental Colombiana.

The first component for the manufacture of masonry products used in construction is clay, which provides the plasticity that facilitates the molding and handling of the product. The second component is the feldspar in form of alumina (Al 2 O 3) which is used as flux. The third one is silica (SiO 2) which is used as a filling material and stabilizer. These

The present research consists in the application of statistical tools for the monitoring of the energy efficiency of indicators in productive processes that comply with the requirements of ISO 50001:2011. This paper presents the methodology and the results in terms of forecasting (SGE) for the consumption of electric energy in the manufacture of H-10 blocks using the STATGRAPHICS Centurion XV Software. The outcomes demonstrated the stabilization of the energy efficiency associated with an increase of production without investment by purchasing new equipment. That is to say, that only with the innovation and the follow-up of the process through applied management technologies the resources of the company can beoptimized, besides the adoption of a culture of energy management in an efficient way. The energy efficiency is optimized taking into account all the variables that influence the production process, besides performing preventive maintenance of the equipment in order to stabilize and control theparameters involved in the manufacture of masonry products for construction.

In Colombia, the most widely used means of transport today are motorcycles, which have become increasingly numerous, bearing in mind that they are subject to laws and regulations imposed by the country’s mobility, transit and transport agencies, the use of helmets is mandatory for drivers and passengers, safety measures are monitored, the hull must be certified and meet the required technical standards; whereas its role is to protect people in the event of accidents, regulations require that the helmet be completely closed to protect the entire head and chin; the design of the helmet allows air entry and there is no concentration of temperature inside, all this is done by implementing air inlet and outlet ducts, which circulate air when the motorcycle is in motion, unfortunately this does not happen due to the accumulation of temperature in the back of the helmet that makes the user feel tired and uncomfortable. This research proposes the development of a prototype portable cooling system for motorcycle helmets by the physical principle of heat transfer, by using Peltier cells, to have low production cost, optimal operation, and low energy consumption thanks to natural air flow.

Nowadays, in Colombia, specifically in the north-eastern, in Santander region, the process of mixing the ceramic paste used to manufacture masonry products for construction (H- 10 bricks, tiles, roof tiles, etc.) is done manually. For this reason, approximately 70% of the companies do not possess the technological tools which facilitate the prediction of the behavior of the raw material (clay). The main objective of this research is to formulate mixtures at a laboratory-level in order to verify the physical properties of ceramic raw materials used by a company which was takenas a sample. The research development was carried out through the execution of tests and laboratory analysis, taking into account the formulation of mixtures with the help of Statgraphics Centurion XV software in order to obtain combinations of raw materials according to the requirements of the current standard techniques. The results demonstrate the importance of using statistical programs for the improvement of systems and processes, predicting the behavior of raw materials as well as conducting pilot tests, taking into account the laboratory analyses in the ceramic industry. Conclusions: The results show that the mixture combinations obtained have the necessary parameters to meet the current standards such as resistance and absorption, which will optimize the economic and physical resources of the company, as well as the quality of the final product.

Colombia manufactures metals such as iron and aluminum, which consume a lot of energy to carry out these processes. There are many techniques to recycle metals and other elements to reduce the amount of energy in manufacturing processes, since smelting is generated with already manufactured materials, as in the case of aluminum, which uses recycled products such as soft drinks and beer cans. In addition, there is another type of scrap metal, such as aluminum shavings generated by machining processes, with an amount that varies from a small percentage to 70-90% of the original part. This project seeks to transform the aluminum shavings through physical processes with the application of temperature in aluminum material to be used again. The process begins with the collection of chips from mechanical workshops, in this case, from the machine tool laboratories of the “Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Ocaña, Colombia”. Standard procedures will be carried out before the casting process by developing firing curves and phase diagrams of aluminum, where the research focuses on generating aluminum metal to be used again in the laboratories of the same university.