Medición de emisiones atmosféricas en hornos a cielo abierto en el municipio de Ocaña, Norte de Santander

García

Serna

2022

The recording of temperatures in different positions in the firing process in an intermittent kiln to produce ceramic materials is presented, which led to the energy evaluation, determining the heat used for the clay firing process and the heat losses. In addition, a study of the emissions of pollutant gases released into the environment was carried out, as stipulated in the protocol of control, and monitoring of stationary source. In the energy balance, large energy losses were detected in heat accumulation in the masonry of 7.20×106 KJ of the energy supplied, representing 16.99%, and in the kiln walls of 5.20×10 KJ, representing 12.17%. As a result, it is necessary to make constructive and operative changes in the operation of the kilns, which will lead to the recovery of residual heat in the use of drying of parts, drying, and preheating of combustion air, reducing energy consumption and emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. The average concentration of particulate matter released into the environment was 1056.60 mg/m3, 422% higher than the standard, affecting people’s health.

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Correction At Reference Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once performed the correction at reference conditions, the second correction at reference oxygen conditions of 18% was carried out through Equation (2) [13]. where C !"(.…”

Section: Correction At Reference Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The calculation of excess air was evaluated according to method 3 established by the EPA using Equation (3) [13].…”

Section: Excess Air and Combustion Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Excess Air and Combustion Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy evaluation of clay firing process and combustion gases in an intermittent kiln

García

Serna

2022

Fuel-air ratio required for combustion and analysis of gases in an intermittent kiln

2019

The air-fuel ratio necessary for coal combustion and the study of atmospheric emissions generated in an intermittent kiln of brickworks la Pradera were determined. A mass balance of the coal constituents and an isokinetic sampling of the gas emissions generated in the kiln were carried out. This was done according to the methodology and procedures established by “Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial” in the protocol for the control and monitoring of atmospheric pollution generated by stationary sources. A combustion gas analyzer was used to measure the concentration of pollutants such as particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, and carbon dioxide and monoxide. The average concentrations of particle material, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids through the kiln chimney were 1228.60 mg/Nm3, 625.50 mg/Nm3, 563.10 mg/Nm3, 21.50 mg/Nm3 and 6.40 mg/Nm3 respectively, under reference conditions and adjusted to 18% oxygen. The kiln used has energy losses due to incomplete combustion of coal and sensible heat in the flue gases. The concentrations of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxides, and particulate matter are above the standard value and do not meet the permissible emission standard. On the other hand, halides do meet the respective standard.

Determination of connective heat transfer coefficients in an intermittent kiln

Duarte

Sánchez

2020

The determination of heat transfer coefficients are parameters of great importance when evaluating thermal losses in a system. Therefore, the present work reports the convective heat transfer coefficients in different positions of a rectangular kiln for the production of artisanal ceramic materials, located in Ocaña, Norte de Santander, Colombia, from which the heat losses present in the were determined. As a result, a virtual instrument was designed for temperature acquisition, using a data acquisition card, as well as a chassis and thermocouples generating a temperature report and their respective temperature profiles. The determination of heat transfer coefficients are parameters of great importance when evaluating thermal losses in a system. The energy supplied by the fuel is 51.21 kJ and the energy loss in the walls and floor of the brick kiln is 17.67 kJ, which represents 34.51% of the energy supplied. The thermal gradient in the kiln is not homogeneous, affecting the quality of the products. This will be avoided by building the walls with refractory materials.