Tropical countries are the largest contributor to the incidence of Dengue HemorrhagicFever (DHF), but research on risk factors is still independent in various countries, it cannot beconcluded holistically. Through the research design, a systematic review is able to summarize andanswer the causes of DHF in this tropical country. This research method is a systematic review withguidelines following the 2009 PRISMA Checklist. In the initial search, 1,680 articles were foundusing the keyword “risk factors for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever”, reduced to 274 article titles afteradding the keyword “tropical country”. Furthermore, the relevant abstracts were fi ltered and found37 selected article items. Through critical appraisal of the full text of the article, it was found that 17articles met the selection criteria for further review in this study. The results showed that there were5 major groups of risk factors that were widely studied, namely sociodemography, climatology, placeof dwelling, environment, and behavior. The sociodemographic factor associated with the incidenceof DHF in tropical countries is age. In terms of climatology, temperature and rainfall are importantfactors in the vector breeding process. Rural areas (rural areas) are the place of dwelling with the mostcases of DHF found. The environmental aspect that has been widely studied is mosquito breeding. Themost signifi cant risk behavior factor in transmission was the behavior of hanging clothes. Of the 17articles, it was found that 77.8% of the articles examined environmental variables.
A number of tetraploid taros Bentul has been produced by in vitro polyploidization with oryzalin treatment to achieve optimal production and to overcome pests, diseases and drought stress. Planlets achieved from polyploidization had high survival rate on acclimatization process. Characterization was conducted for diploid and tetraploid Taro plants grown in Lathhouse. The aim of morphology and anatomy characterization of tetraploid taro was to compare those with diploid one. The results showed that the morphological characters of seven clones of tetraploid taro Bentul presented 56% similarity with the diploid and divided into three different subgroups with 63% similarity. The thickness of leaves tissue was not significantly different. Stomata size of tetraploid taro was larger than diploids but the stomata density was lower. Thickness of petiole epidermis of diploid taro was significantly different with tetraploid 75.2.1. Thickness of root epidermis of diploid taro was significantly different with tetraploid 7,5.12.2; 30.4.6; 60.2.6 and 75.2.3. Diameter of root stele of taro Bentul was not significantly different between diploid and tetraploid clones.
Optimation of In Vitro Shoot Proliferation Medium for Diploid and Tetraploid Kaliurang Taro (Colocasia esculenta L.) Taro cv. Kaliurang has a good taste and is tolerant to certain pests and diseases but its development is hampered by insufficient number of good quality plant materials. Quality improvement has been carried out through polyploidization. Shoot multiplication is an important step in micropropagation, which often needs specific formulation of culture medium. This study aimed to obtain an optimum formulation of in vitro shoot-inducing medium of taro cv. Kaliurang. Explants from one diploid and three tretraploid clones were subjected to six treatments of medium formulations with various concentrations of thiamine and adenine in BAP-containing MS media. Shoots were then rooted, followed by plantlet acclimatization. Ploidy level was measured using flow cytrometry. The rooting medium was ½ MS without growth hormones, whereas acclimatization medium was a mixture of sterile soil, husk, and cocopeat. The results showed that MS + 2 mg L-1 BAP + 4 mg L-1 thiamine + 2 mg L-1 adenine was the optimum medium with an average 3.45 shoots per explant. Plantlet acclimatization was successful with 99.1% survival. Flow cytometry measurement confirmed tetraploidy level of the regenerants from 3 tetraploid clones. Keywords: adenine, acclimatization, benzyl amino purine, shoot proliferation, thiamine ABSTRAK Talas Kaliurang memiliki rasa yang enak dan toleran terhadap hama dan penyakit tertentu, namun pengembangannya terkendala oleh ketercukupan benih bermutu. Upaya perbaikan mutu tanaman telah dilakukan sebelumnya melalui poliploidisasi. Perbanyakan tunas merupakan langkah penting, yang membutuhkan formula spesifik untuk media kultur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi medium perbanyakan tunas in vitro dari satu klon diploid dan tiga klon tetraploid, yang dikulturkan pada enam konsentrasi tiamin dan adenin dalam media MS yang mengandung BAP. Tunas kemudian diinduksi akar, lalu diaklimatisasi, dan pengukuran tingkat ploidi menggunakan flow cytometry. Media pengakaran adalah ½ MS tanpa ZPT, media aklimatisasi adalah campuran tanah steril, sekam dan kokopit. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa medium MS + 2 mg L-1 BAP + 4 mg L-1 tiamin + 2 mg L-1 adenin merupakan medium optimum dengan rata-rata 3,45 tunas per-eksplan. Hasil aklimatisasi menunjukkan bahwa 99,1% tanaman dapat bertahan hidup. Analisis ploidi dengan flow cytometry menunjukkan bahwa tanaman hasil regenerasi tunas talas Kaliurang tetraploid memiliki tingkat ploidi yang stabil.
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