Abstract. Wahyuni DK, Rahayu S, Purnama PR, Saputro TB, Suharyanto, Wijayanti N, Purnobasuki H. 2019. Morpho-anatomical structure and DNA barcode of Sonchus arvensis L. Biodiversitas 20: 2417-2426. Tempuyung or show thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) belongs to the Asteraceae. Morpho-anatomy and DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) barcoding of the plant correlates with species identification and metabolite synthesis. This research aims to look at morpho-anatomical structures and analyze the DNA barcode of Sonchus arvensis L (tempuyung). Three samples used for morpho-anatomical analysis are leaves, stems, roots, fruit, and seeds. Anatomical samples are made using the embedding method. DNA barcode uses multiple locus from plastid genome: rbcL and matK. Morpho-anatomical structure of tempuyung showed a similar structure of Sonchus genus. The stem presents in the intercellular space, whereas the roots and leaves present in the vascular tissue and the seeds. Fruits present in each part of the body. Tissues that formed root are epidermis, cortex, endoderm, and stele. Tissues that formed stem are epidermis, cortex, and stele. Tissues that formed leaf are epidermis, cortex, phloem, and xylem. Tissues that formed the fruit and seed are paranormal and sclerenchyma tissues. Sonchus arvensis sequence for rbcL has a similar 100% maximum identity to rbcL gene of S. arvensis, Sonchus asper, and Sonchus oleraceus, whereas Sonchus arvensis matK sequence has a similar 99.31% maximum identity to other S. arvensis matK sequences in BLAST system. These findings provide morpho-anatomical features and DNA barcoding for identification of S. arvensis. from others species in the same genus. Thus also can be considered as pharmaceutical standard.

Malaria is still a global health problem. Plasmodium is a single-cell protozoan parasite that causes malaria and is transmitted to humans through the female Anopheles mosquito. The previous study showed that Sonchus arvensis L. callus has antiplasmodial activity. Several treatments are needed for callus quality improvement for antimalarial compound production. This study aimed to examine the effect of dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] on growth (morpho-anatomical structure and biomass), secondary metabolite production, and in vitro antiplasmodial activity of S. arvensis L. callus. In this study, leaf explants were grown in Murashige and Skoog medium with a combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, one mg/L) and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP, 0.5 mg/L) with dolomite (50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L). The 21 days callus ethanolic and methanolic extract were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antiplasmodial test was performed on a blood culture infected with Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 using the Rieckmann method. The results showed that dolomite significantly affected callus growth, metabolite profile, and in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Dolomite (150 mg/L) showed the highest biomass (0.590 ± 0.136 g fresh weight and 0.074 ± 0.008 g dry weight). GC-MS analysis detected four compounds from callus ethanolic extract. Pelargonic acid, decanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid were major compounds. One new terpenoid compound is based on TLC analysis. S. arvensis L. callus has antiplasmodial activity with the IC50 value of 5.037 μg/mL. It was three times lower than leaf methanolic extract and five times lower than leaf ethanolic extract.

Background: Malaria is a global health problem that requires urgent need for new drugs. Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis L.) possesses many potential medicinal compounds. As the plant is originally found wild, it is important to reproduce its secondary metabolites by tissue culture. The objectives of this study were to look for effective methods to induce callus from leaf explants of Sonchus arvensis L. and to test its in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Materials and Methods: The leaves and petioles of the plant were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) solid medium supplemented with indole acetic-3-acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and benzyl amino purine (BAP), in light and dark incubations. The best results obtained from callus induction were then treated by with several concentrations of sucrose (1-5%). The best results from callus induction were then extracted with methanol for antiplasmodial test by Trager and Jensen's method. It was also tested against 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Results: The combination of 1mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP in dark incubation was the best treatment for callus induction of tempuyung. It produced the best quality of callus and the shortest period for callusing. Sucrose treatment had various effects on leaves callusing, but had no effect on petioles callusing, whereby 4% sucrose was the best treatment for leaves callusing in dark incubation. The methanol extract of the best callus had anti-plasmodial activity with IC50=0.343 µg/mL. Conclusion: Methanol extract of tempuyung callus shows potential as an antimalarial drug but more studies would be required.

Context: COVID-19 was caused by the spread and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2019 until now. The problem comes when antiviral drugs have not yet been found and patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 can trigger a cytokine storm condition due to the effects of viral replication. Indonesia has various kinds of medicinal plants, such as Sonchus arvensis L., which are used as medicinal plants. Aims: To analyze the activity of the inhibitor as SARS-CoV-2 antiviral agents from n-hexane fractions of S. arvensis leaves. Methods: The sample was collected from GC-MS analysis, PubChem, and Protein Databank database, then drug-likeness identification using Lipinski Rule of Five server and bioactive prediction of bioactive compounds as inhibitor activity was conducted by Molinspiration server. Furthermore, the docking simulation was performed using PyRx 0.9.9 software to determine the binding activity, molecular interaction by Discovery Studio software to identify position and interaction type, 3D molecular visualization by PyMol 2.5. software, and dynamic by CABS-flex 2.0 server to predict interaction stability. Results: α-Amyrin and β-amyrin from n-hexane fractions of S. arvensis leaves had activity as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors through interactions on helicase, RdRp, Mpro, and RBD-Spike, both compounds had more negative binding affinity than control drug and can produce stable chemical bond interactions in the ligand-protein complexes. However, the results were merely computational, so they must be validated through an in vivo and in vitro research approach. Conclusions: Sonchus arvensis L. leaves were predicted to have SARS-CoV-2 antiviral through inhibitor activity by α-amyrin and β-amyrin.

Justicia gendarussa Burm.f., a medicinal plant, is Acanthaceae that has many functions. Furthermore, the compounds in gendarussa must be produced in high quantity and quality by applying callus culture method. Accordingly, it is important to study the effects of plant growth regulators (2,4-D, IBA, and BAP) on callus induction of gendarussa leaves. This research design utilized a factorial design with two factors (2,4-D and IBA: 0.5, 1, 1.5 mg/L and BAP: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mg/L). The experiment consisted of 24 treatments, each of which was repeated 3 times. Observation was carried out in 6 weeks. Data on the time of callus formation, percentage of explants formed callus, and callus morphology were analyzed descriptively,while data on fresh and dry weight were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA (α = 0.5). Interestingly, the results showed that various concentration of plant growth regulators (2,4-D, IBA, and BAP) affected callus induction from leaf explants of gendarussa. We concluded that the most optimal treatment combination of concentration of plant growth regulators in inducing callus from leaf explants of gendarussa is 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 2 mg/L BAP with a relatively long period of callus formation at the earliest, i.e. on day 5, 2.247 g of fresh weight, 0.108 gof dry weight, white callus translucent, and friable. Moreover, the optimum treatment will be used to produce secondary metabolite and seed synthetic by cell suspension culture.

Abstract. Ilham M,Mukarromah SR, Rakashiwi GA, Indriati DT, Yoku BF, Purnama PR, Junairiah, Prasongsuk S,Purnobasuki H, Wahyuni DK. 2022. Morpho-anatomical characterizationand DNA barcoding of Achillea millefolium L. Biodiversitas 23: 1958-1969. One of the important things to study the distribution of secondary metabolites in the plant body is to carry out the identification process. Morphological markers have several limitations to recognize plants, therefore supporting data is needed so that the information becomes more comprehensive. This study aims to identify Achillea millefolium L. based on morphological, anatomical, and DNA barcoding markers to obtain specific data and avoid confusion. Morphological studies were carried out descriptively using vegetative organs, while anatomical studies of rhizomes, stems, and leaves used the paraffin method. The DNA barcoding was performed by analyzinggenes from 3 different individuals. The research was carried out by amplifying and sequencing the partial gene in the ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylaselarge subunit (rbcL) regions and maturase-K (matK). The results showed that the plant had taproots, short stems due to root rosette and the leaves were double compound. The rhizome and stem tissues had almost the same structure, while the leaves had a tissue arrangement that was similar to other plants in general, except that the mesophyll tissue was undifferentiated. The results of DNA barcoding showed a percentage of identity above 98% for both the rbcLand matK genes.

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Abstract. Purnobasuki H, Rakhashiwi GA, Junairiah, Wahyuni DK, Putra RE, Raffiudin R, Soessilohadi RCH. 2022. Morpho-anatomical characterization and DNA barcode of Cosmos caudatus Kunth. Biodiversitas 23: 4097-4108. Secondary metabolites in plants have various benefits, therefore their distribution in plant body parts is important to study. The identification process of plants should be conducted using several characters, including morphological and molecular data. This study aimed to identify and confirm Cosmos caudatus Kunth using morpho-anatomy characters and DNA barcodes. The plants used were three samples taken from the Husada Graha Famili Park, Surabaya. The morpho-anatomical investigation was carried out descriptively, while the DNA barcoding study was processed by amplifying and sequencing the rbcL and matK genes. Morphological studies indicate that the roots and stems of C. caudatus are similar to the organs of dicots shrubs in general. The leaves have a pinnate type with two different colors on each side of the leaf. Compound flowers are cup-type with two types of flowers, namely disc flowers and ray flowers. Based on anatomical observation, all vegetative organs have the same tissue as dicotyledonous plants. The anatomical characteristic of C. caudatus lies in its trichomes due to its anthocyanin content and stomata which are anomocytic and anisocytic types. DNA barcoding results showed that the three sample plants had identical similarities with several Cosmos genera contained in the GenBank database with percentage identities values ??above 98%, query covers 96-100%, and e-values ??of 0.