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The genus Mycobacterium has the ability to degrade various environmental pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Mycobacterium has an ability to withstand adverse environmental conditions and it has been considered for future bioremediation applications for the removal of PAH contaminants from crude oil-polluted sites. The degradation of PAHs using a cost-effective laboratory microcosm system was discussed. The various conditions such as environmental habitat, degradation behavior, enzymatic mechanisms, and ecological survival are thoroughly discussed in this chapter. Based on the above study, Mycobacterium has proved to be a better candidate in bioremediation of PAH-contaminated sites.

For the first time, Cochliobolus lunatus strain CHR4D, a marine-derived ascomycete fungus isolated from historically contaminated crude oil polluted shoreline of Alang-Sosiya ship-breaking yard, at Bhavnagar coast, Gujarat has been reported showing the rapid and enhanced biodegradation of chrysene, a four ringed high molecular weight (HMW) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Mineral Salt Broth (MSB) components such as ammonium tartrate and glucose along with chrysene, pH and trace metal solution have been successfully optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using central composite design (CCD). A validated, two-step optimization protocol has yielded a substantial 93.10% chrysene degradation on the 4(th) day, against unoptimized 56.37% degradation on the 14(th) day. The results depict 1.65 fold increase in chrysene degradation and 1.40 fold increase in biomass with a considerable decrement in time. Based on the successful laboratory experiments, C. lunatus strain CHR4D can thus be predicted as a potential candidate for mycoremediation of HMW PAHs impacted environments.