Local institutions along with community participation are crucial things in a sustainable development. Collective actions performed by a community in managing natural resources have led to success, but local institutions are also facing challenges to institutional sustainability. This research aimed to elucidate and explain the roles and sustainability of local institutions of mangrove management. This research is a qualitative research, using a case study method Research results showed that the majority of community support and admit that mangroves in their region as Mangrove Preservation Area under controlled by management of local organization with agreed rules. Nevertheless, the inability of local organizations to enforce such rules when facing investors and politics in the local level has caused these organizations to elude their support and institutional status. It is for this reason that local institutions need to be strengthened through collaboration among local institutions, local, national and international NGOs, universities, research institutions, and many others. Such collaboration can improve bargaining position of local institutions, so that finally can promote regency government policies which favoring more to local institutions. Mangrove management in a sustainable way by local institutions will help regency government in rural development.

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Abstract. Sukwika T, Darusman D, Kusmana C, Nurrochmad DR. 2016. Evaluating the level of sustainability of privately managed forest in Bogor,. This study discusses the sustainability of small scale private forest in Bogor, Indonesia. It aims to determine the dimensions of sustainable private-forest and analyzing the sustainability index of privately managed forest. This study uses multidimensional scaling (MDS) to analyze the dimensions of sustainability, ranked from 0 (the lowest) to 10 (the highest), along with the support of Rap-Pforest, in order to assess the level of similarity and dissimilarity for each dimension. Using this scale from the sustainability index, this study estimates the level of sustainability of each dimension. After measuring each attribute's level of ordination RMS change on the X axis, we estimate the error's effect using Monte Carlo analysis. This study shows that the ecology as well as legal and institutional dimensions are moderately sustainable, with a sustainability index of 53.66% and 52.48%. However, the dimensions of economy, socio-culture, as well as accessibility and technology are less sustainable, with an index measurement of 41.62%, 47.02% and 47.56%, respectively. Based on those five sustainability dimensions, this study concludes that in average the level of sustainability of private-forest management in the Bogor is not sustainable (48.47%). We recommend that to improve the sustainability of small scale private forest management in Bogor, multiple stakeholders should be involved to development the most appropriate policy options.

Diversity of mangrove function generates both tangible and intangible benefits and services causing its overall value is not easily recognized hence often overlooked in coastal areas development. The study used the total economic value as a framework for estimating the values of the different uses of mangroves in East Sinjai Sub District, South Sulawesi. Survey method was carried out from September 2014 February 2015. The results showed that total value − of mangrove ecosystems in East Sinjai with total area of 758 ha is IDR37,535,809,496 year. Those values were-1 derived from direct benefits (polyculture fish pond, catching aquatic biota such as fish, shrimp, crab and milkfish, collecting fuelwood and bats catching) and from indirect benefits i.e. its function to evade abrasion and sea water intrusion, its function as carbon sink and sequestration, its biodiversity values and its existence benefits. The problem that should be anticipated is potential expansion of polyculture fishpond which drives clearing intact mangrove forests as it contributes quick and direct income to local people. The research results are expected could be used as a consideration in formulating for sustainable for local government recommendations mangrove management in East Sinjai.

This study discusses the policy scenarios on private-forest management in Bogor. The aims of this study are: determining leverage attribut on private-forest and formulating policy models, and making scenario for the development of the sustainability index of privately managed forest. This study uses multidimensional scalling (MDS) to analyze five dimensions. By using ordinal score on certain attribute, i.e. 0 (the lowest) and 10 (the highest) of each attribute. Then, by using Rap-Pforest, we could estimate the leverage attribute of f each dimension. To prepare policy models will use a prospective analysis. Final stages, to build strategic scenarios model. The analysis showed that there are two dimensions, i.e. ecology and legal and institutional, are moderately sustainable. While for the dimensions of economy, socio-culture, and accessibility and technology are less sustain. Based on five dimensions sustainability index, this study concludes that63 indicators were used and resulting 21 leverage-attributes. Qualitative model formulation for policy scenarios are: HRB = f (EKN3, EKN4, SOS1, SOS3, LBG2, LBG3). Scenario II most realistic choice, this scenario has been able to increase the value of sustainability index of 46.35 (less sustainable) to 52.52 (quite sustainable). This study recommends, it is necessary to conduct the development stra tegy by involving all stakeholders as the most appropriate policy options to improve the sustainability of small scale privately managed forest in Bogor.

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Although social forestry in Indonesia is envisioned as a policy for recognizing local practices to forest management, research is still limited. This research describes conditions of social forestry policy in West Sumatra Province as a form of mainstreaming community-based forest management. This paper provides the context of social forestry arguments, its support, and subsequent implementation. The research approach is qualitative, using a case study method. Data collection was conducted through unstructured interviews, field observations, and document studies. The analysis used categorization and coding, historical analysis, document analysis, and descriptive policy analysis. The findings revealed that the arguments for social forestry schemes were based on the persistence of state forest conflicts, forest degradation and deforestation threats, as well as human resource limitations of forestry officers. The Provincial government then initiated stakeholder support, mainly from non-governmental organizations. Social forestry implementation at the site in West Sumatra thus focused on providing development assistance programs after granting management rights to local people, as well as initiating similar schemes in other villages. Our discussions considered challenges that should be addressed, including the approach to granting management rights to secure a management area, the process of developing participatory institutions, synchronizing provincial government policies to overcome forest degradation and deforestation, and initiating activities for strengthening community solidarity and agency.

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