Geological mapping was carried out in the Chatara–Barahakshetra area of east Nepal. The Siwalik of the Chatara–Barahakshetra area is divided into the Lower Siwalik and the Middle Siwalik. Each unit is further subdivided into lower and upper members. The Central Churia Thrust is overturned in the study area. Highly deformed Siwalik contain several outcrop-scale as well as a large-scale folds. Bulletin of Department of Geology, vol. 20-21, 2018, pp: 49-58
Leaves of Terminalia (Combretaceae) and Daphnogene (Lauraceae) are described from the lower member of Lower Siwalik of ChataraBarahakshetra area, eastern Nepal. The habit, habitat and present day distribution of the comparable extant taxa indicates the existence of tropical to sub-tropical evergreen to semi evergreen forest with humid climate in the area during the deposition of the Siwalik sediments.
Increasing evidence of changing climate patterns is being observed, and the impact of this change on groundwater has a direct impact on the livelihood and economy of the region. The research focuses on the impacts of global temperature increase and changing precipitation on the groundwater resources of part of the Himalayan river system. The spatial and temporal variations of the hydro-meteorological data of the Kankai River Basin in East Nepal were analyzed using non-parametric Mann–Kendall tests and Sen’s Slope methods, whereas CanESM2 was used to predict the future precipitation scenarios, and an attempt has been made to evaluate the possible impacts on groundwater systems in the region. The temperature shows a significant warming trend (0.14–0.64 °C/decade); however, the precipitation trends suggest remarkable variation mostly at higher elevation. The average annual precipitation suggests a decrease of 1.82 mm/year and a similar decrement has been projected for the future. The groundwater in the region has been influenced by the changing climate and the condition may further be exaggerated by reduced recharge and increased evapotranspiration. This understanding of the impacts and climate scenarios will help the planners with better adaptation strategies, plans, and programs for a better society.
Groundwater has been utilized as the major source of water for household, irrigation and industrial purpose. The hydrogeological condition in the Terai region of the Butwal area, Rupandehi district was assessed. The subsurface lithological section and hydro-stratigraphic units of the area within the depth of 80 m were produced using secondary data from borehole lithologs. The study area i.e., quaternary deposit, comprises boulders, cobble, pebble, gravel and another alluvial (river) deposits. Thick and coarse aquifer materials (boulder and gravel) were determined at wells (DW-2,5,8 and 6), that were lying nearby rivers and foothills of Siwalik. While the proportion of finer sediments (sand and clay) was greater in the southern part of the study area. The aquifers in the study area are delineated as unconfined to confined types which are well-recharged primarily through precipitation and surface runoff in the monsoon period. The application of Duba’s Method for groundwater recharge in the study area shows 44 MCM/year. Though the study area is an urban area, the physicochemical parameters like pH, TDS, DO, EC and temperature range within Nepal’s Drinking Water Standard permissible limits. However, as urbanization grows, the quality and quantity may deteriorate in the future, necessitating the adoption of appropriate and sustainable management techniques to safeguard these groundwater resources.
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