Groundwater has been utilized as the major source of water for household, irrigation and industrial purpose. The hydrogeological condition in the Terai region of the Butwal area, Rupandehi district was assessed. The subsurface lithological section and hydro-stratigraphic units of the area within the depth of 80 m were produced using secondary data from borehole lithologs. The study area i.e., quaternary deposit, comprises boulders, cobble, pebble, gravel and another alluvial (river) deposits. Thick and coarse aquifer materials (boulder and gravel) were determined at wells (DW-2,5,8 and 6), that were lying nearby rivers and foothills of Siwalik. While the proportion of finer sediments (sand and clay) was greater in the southern part of the study area. The aquifers in the study area are delineated as unconfined to confined types which are well-recharged primarily through precipitation and surface runoff in the monsoon period. The application of Duba’s Method for groundwater recharge in the study area shows 44 MCM/year. Though the study area is an urban area, the physicochemical parameters like pH, TDS, DO, EC and temperature range within Nepal’s Drinking Water Standard permissible limits. However, as urbanization grows, the quality and quantity may deteriorate in the future, necessitating the adoption of appropriate and sustainable management techniques to safeguard these groundwater resources.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE:To identify and compare the indications and complications of tracheostomy in pediatric and adult population. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Department of ENT, Rural based Tertiary Hospital, Nagpur, M.S., India. Duration-2 years. Material and Methods-All patients of either age and sex who required tracheostomy in our hospital were included in the study. Patients were analyzed in terms of indication of tracheostomy, early and late complications and decanulation time required and compared them between pediatric and adult age group. RESULTS: During this period, total 104 tracheostomies were performed out of which 36 were in pediatric and 68 in adult age group. Male to female ratio in pediatric group was 1.8: 1 and in adults it was 1.5: 1. Prolonged intubation for ventilation was the common indication for tracheostomy in pediatric age group (58.33%) whereas in adults it was upper airway obstruction (55.88%). Complication rate in adults (Early 51.47%, Late 13.23%) doesn't differ much from pediatric group (Early 44.4%, Late 11.11%). All patients with temporary tracheostomy in pediatric (75%) and adult group (70.66%) were decanulated successfully. Mean decanulation time was 117.19 days and 62.24 days in pediatric and adult group respectively and the difference was statistically significant (p= 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Pediatric and adult tracheostomies differ in terms of indications and decanulation time but complications are similar.
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