The primary purpose of this research is to highlight the effectiveness and challenges of Online Learning (OL) for Bangladesh during COVID-19. Besides, the researchers have proposed some suggestions based on the findings of this research to overcome from those challenges. Fifteen students using purposive sampling from Bangladesh's private, public, and national universities have taken as a study sample. Researchers generated headings which will be asked to the respondents in relation to the research questions through the secondary sources (published articles, journals, reports, conference proceedings, newspapers, and government records). After that, data triangulation has been validated by the semi-structured interview of 15 students. According to the findings, online learning is now somehow effective; but, it faces several challenges in Bangladesh's educational system. The students, guardians, university authorities such as University Grant Commission (UGC) and the Ministry of Education will be benefited from these findings. The study only looked at Bangladeshi students' viewpoints, which may or may not be similar to those of other countries. As a result, generalization of the findings is less possible; consequently, more students from other countries should be included in the future.
Bangladesh along with the state of West Bengal in India is situated in the lowest area of the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region (HKH) and is famous as one of the highest flood prone countries in the world. Flood to some extent is an annual expected and well-come event for many reasons for this country. But extreme flood inundates more than half of the country's landmass causing immense suffering to the human life, damages properties and economy. Aim of the flood management in Bangladesh is to minimize damages or to avoid disastrous situation. Though the country is in the eastern part of the lowest ridge of HKH but geography and location of the country make hydrology of Bangladesh very diverse, complex and unique. The NorthEastern part of the country has the river networks with upper hilly catchments having one of the world's highest rainfall intensity and causes frequent flash floods. In the NorthWestern part rainfall intensity is lower, higher altitude and mighty perennial river network causes river flood. The SouthEastern part has moderate rainfall intensity, hilly as well as coastal plain land, flashy and tidal river network causes both the storm surge and flash flood. The South Western region has also moderate rainfall, coastal plain land and tidal rivers cause storm surge due to cyclone. Principles of flood management in the country based on these different types of floods and geographical conditions either by non-structural or structural measures. As a non-structural measure for flood loss minimization, flood forecasting and warning services has been emphasized. Structural measures began in late 60's by implementing number of flood control projects. I.
Background: Congenital heart disease is defined as a gross structural abnormalities of the heart or intra-thoracic great vessels that is either functionally significant or has the potential to be so. Objective: In this study main goal is to evaluate the prevalence and risk factor of congenital heart defects in Bangladesh. Method: This cross sectional study was carried out tertiary medical hospital from January 2021 to January 2022. A total of 100 children up to 12 years of age admitted in three pediatric units of this hospital during the study period. All normal patients were discharged and congenital heart disease cases had given follow up at 01months to 06 months interval. Results: During the study, majority were belong to 7-12 years age group, 54% and 60% were female. 20% had prematurity, followed by 10% had genetic syndrome, 3% had congenital neurological anomaly, 2% had congenital gastrointestinal anomaly. Majority had low birth weight, 40%. Followed by 35% cases mother had <37 week of gestational age, 62% cases had prenatal infection, 45% cases were Prenatal contact with toxic substances, 55% cases had gestational hypertension and diabetes, 40% cases prenatal anemia. In addition, 25% had Atrial septal defect, 22% had Ventricular septal defect, 20% had Patent foramen ovale, 11% had Patent ductus arteriosus, 10% had Pulmonary stenosis, 4% had Tetralogy of Fallot. Conclusion: In conclusion we can say prevalence of CHD is increasing where both a trial septal defect and Ventricular septal defect are quite common. In addition, lower birth weight, gestational hypertension and diabetes are reported as risk factor developing CHD in neonates.
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