The mindset of either a national or global identity was primed in the participants in the United States and Lithuania. The effects of priming on creativity were then examined. Two hundred and eighty-five participants from the United States and 95 Lithuanian participants received one of three possible manipulations: one that primed national identity, one that primed global identity, or no manipulation. They were then asked to complete measures of creativity. The results suggested that participants from Lithuania scored higher than the American participants on measures of national orientation regardless of the condition in which they participated. Lithuanian participants were the most affected by the national prime, and scored particularly low on global orientation when they were in the national identity condition. Lithuanian participants scored higher than participants from the United States on all measures of creativity, regardless of the condition. However, a country-by-condition interaction was also present, showing that participants in the US scored higher on creativity when they were in the global prime condition, while Lithuanians received higher creativity scores when in the national prime condition. Explanations and implications for these results are discussed.
Mykolo Romerio universitetas, LietuvaSantrauka. Mokslinė problema. Remiantis atliktais inkaro efekto tyrimų rezultatais tvirtinama, kad teisėjų sprendimai, kokios trukmės laisvės atėmimo bausmę skirti, gali būti priimami šališkai dėl visiems žmonėms būdingų mąstymo ypatumų, o ne dėl korupcijos ar piktavališkumo. Tačiau per beveik 4 dešimtmečius trukusius inkaro efekto tyrimus, mažai dėmesio kreipta į inkaro poveikį skiriant laisvės atėmimo bausmę. Kadangi laisvės atėmimo bausmės skyrimas reikšmingas tiek kaltinamajam, tiek kitiems asmenims, tiek visai visuomenei, svarstoma apie inkaro efekto tyrimų pritaikomumą realiems bausmės skyrimo sprendimams. Straipsnio tikslas -pristatyti inkaro efektų tyrimų rezultatus, svarbius skiriant laisvės atėmimo bausmę, atskleisti jų privalumus ir trūkumus bei pasiūlyti naujas tyrimų kryptis. Tyrimo metodu pasirinkta mokslinės literatūros apžvalga ir analizė. Rezultatai. Viena vertus, tyrimai rodo galimą kelių inkarų tipų (atsitiktinių ir aplinkos pasiūlytų), teisėjų nuotaikos bei jų turimos patirties įtaką inkaro efektui skiriant laisvės atėmimo bausmę. Kita vertus, išryškėja tyrimų ribotumai: keli inkarai, veikiantys tą patį sprendimą, buvo tirti atskirai; nepaisyta su inkaru pateikiamos informacijos (pvz., advokato baigiamosios kalbos); tyrimams naudota tik standartinė inkaro efekto tyrimo procedūra; netirta, kaip išsamiai analizuojamas pateiktas inkaras bei inkarą pateikiančio asmens įtaka. Išvados. Nurodomos tolesnių tyrimų perspektyvos: ištirti kelių inkarų tipų sąveiką, prokuroro ir advokato baigiamųjų kalbų ir jų sąveikos poveikį, palyginti standartine ir bazine procedūra tiriamų atsitiktinių inkarų efektus, ištirti inkaro detalizavimo bei inkarą pateikiančio asmens socialinio statuso įtaką inkaro efekto pasireiškimui skiriant laisvės atėmimo bausmę. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: inkaro efektas, sprendimo priėmimas, laisvės atėmimo bausmės skyrimas. 1Adresas susirašinėjimui: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513, Vilnius, tel. +370 5 266 76 05,
"Legal technologies not only create new ways for accessing and providing legal services, but also transform the roles of legal practitioners. Major area of the application of legal technologies are courts. Some courts, e.g., in Austria, are already using legal technologies, Germany, Brazil, France, Netherlands, Russia and others are developing legal technologies. Both lawyers and users of legal services expect automated solutions to outperform people with efficiency, objectivity and impartiality. Although perception of various characteristics of legal technologies is crucial to their implementation and use, research on the perceived characteristics of the automated processes in legal contexts have just begun. One of the major obstacles to this research is lack of comprehensive understanding what legal actions could be or already are meaningfully automated, and to what extent. The aim of this study is to map decision making stages, and automation levels, and information processing features of legal activities related to (pre)trial processes. Major legal decisions and judgments related to trial processes are identified during the consultations with legal practitioners (e.g., prosecutor, judge). Next, legal activities were described and arranged according to four-stage decision making process: information acquisition, information analysis, decision selection and decision implementation. A taxonomy of levels of automation (LOA) was customized to fit legal decision making and applied to describe each major legal activity. Lastly, dual-process model of information processing was used to delineate possible roles of intuitive and rational information processing taking place during (pre)trial decision making as they could be related to human-automation interaction. Automation level analysis provides systematic approach to interaction between humans and algorithms, along with some groundwork for the research of legal technology perceived fairness and acceptance. 10 legal activities which apply both to judge’s and prosecutor’s (potentially any other lawyer’s) legal work were discerned. The application of adapted LOA (5 levels) provided some insights into legal decision making as it allows to place existing technology, test the trust in technology threshold, and have more tangible view of automation in legal activities. Moreover, a modified hybrid default-interventionist model is proposed. It brings even more depth into analysis by specifying the role of “legal” and “heuristic” intuitions as well as the part rationalization plays in potential bias sources and formation."
This explains failure of attempts to support judges by simple information on intuitive algorithms and their impact upon judge's decisions.
Straipsnyje analizuojama teisėjų elgesio atitiktis procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams civilinėse bylose ir šios atitikties veiksniai: nagrinėtos bylos pobūdis, miestas, kuriame nagrinėta byla, ginčo šalių atstovų dalyvavimas teismo posėdyje, teisėjo lytis, amžius, darbo stažas, teisminio bylos nagrinėjimo situacijų reglamentavimas procesiniame įstatyme.
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