The incidence and the levels of yield loss caused by the white mold of soybean (caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) have increased in areas of higher altitude at Cerrado and Southern Brazil, causing yield losses of up to 60%. The aim of this study was to select saprobic fungi with the potential to control the white mold of soybean. First, in vitro antagonism screening was carried out to test eight saprobic fungi against S. sclerotiorum. Assessment of S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth was done at four and seven days after its placement on the culture medium. The isolate showing greatest antagonistic effect in all tests/assessments was Barros, D.C.M.; Fonseca, I.C.B; Balbi-Peña, M.I.; Pascholati, S.F.; Peitl, D.C. Biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and white mold of soybean using saprobic fungi from semi-arid areas of Northeastern Brazil. Summa Phytopathologica, v.41, n.4, p.251-255, 2015.Myrothecium sp. An in vivo experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and growth chamber, where plants previously treated with eight saprobic fungi were artificially inoculated with S. sclerotiorum. The fungal culture medium (potato-dextrose) and the commercial resistance inducer acibenzolar-Smethyl were used as controls. In the in vivo tests, severity of the white mold was assessed at 8, 14 and 21 days after inoculation. The highest reduction percentage in the lesion length was observed for the treatment with Myrothecium sp. (70%), which has the greater potential to be used as biocontrol agent of soybean under the conditions of this experiment. ARTIGOSBiocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and white mold of soybean using saprobic fungi from semi-arid areas of Northeastern Brazil A incidência e os níveis de dano do mofo branco da soja (causado pelo fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) têm aumentado nas áreas de maior altitude do cerrado e da região sul do Brasil, causando reduções de produtividade de até 60%. O trabalho objetivou selecionar fungos sapróbios com potencial de controle do mofo-branco da soja. Primeiramente, realizou-se teste de antagonismo in vitro onde testaram-se oito espécies de fungos sapróbios em confrontação com S. sclerotiorum. A avaliação do crescimento micelial de S. sclerotiorum foi realizada aos quatro e sete dias após a repicagem. O isolado de maior efeito antagônico em todos os ensaios/avaliações foi Myrothecium sp. RESUMORealizou-se ensaio em casa de vegetação e fitotron onde plantas tratadas com oito fungos sapróbios foram artificialmente inoculadas com S. sclerotiorum. Como controle foram utilizados o meio de cultura dos fungos (batata-dextrose) e o indutor comercial de resistência Acibenzolar-S-metílico. No teste in vivo, a severidade do mofo branco foi avaliada aos 8, 14 e 21 dias após a inoculação. A maior porcentagem de redução do comprimento da lesão foi observada para o tratamento com Myrothecium sp. (70%); o qual apresenta o maior potencial de utilização como biocontrolador de S. sclerotiorum nas condições do experimento. Keywords: biological control, Glycine max, white moldWhit...
It was evaluated the effect of fungicides and the microbial control agent Trichoderma harzianum on the inhibition of the carpogenic and ascospore germination of 2010-11, reduziram em 75,7 e 77,6%, respectivamente.
Tomato bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas spp., is a common disease in tomato fields that causes significant economic losses. Due to the difficulty with control of bacterial spot by conventional methods, new techniques such as biological control and induction of resistance are gaining prominence. This study aimed to select saprobe fungi from semi-arid regions of the Brazilian Northeast for the biological control of bacterial spot of tomato. To select the best isolates to control bacterial spot, a greenhouse experiment was initially conducted. Tomato plants ('Santa Cruz Kada') were treated with filtrates of 25 saprobe fungi and inoculated three days later with Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Filtrates of Memnoniella levispora, Periconia hispidula, Zygosporium echinosporum, and Chloridium virescens var. virescens were selected as the most effective. Filtrates and volatile compounds from these four isolates were tested for their antibacterial activity in cultures of X. euvesicatoria and in tomato plants ('Santa Cruz Kada') inoculated with X. euvesicatoria. In vitro, the addition of nonvolatile fungal metabolites into the culture medium at 5% and 50% (v/v) inhibited bacterial growth by 28.9% and 53.8%, respectively. The volatile compounds produced by C. virescens var. virescens reduced the number of colony-forming units of X. euvesicatoria by 25.9%. In vivo, all treatments reduced from 62.4 to 71.3% the area under bacterial spot progress curve, showing the same control efficacy as the commercial resistance inducer used as a positive control (acibenzolar-S-methyl). Systemicity of the fungal filtrates was confirmed in a separate experiment, where application of the treatments exclusively to the third leaf decreased the severity of the disease on the fourth leaf (except for C. virescens var. virescens). These results show that M. levispora, P. hispidula, Z. echinosporum, and C. virescens var. virescens are potential biocontrol agents against tomato bacterial spot. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the disease control mechanisms of these saprobe fungi. Key words: Acibenzolar-S-methyl. Antibiosis. Fungal metabolite. Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. ResumoA mancha bacteriana do tomateiro causada por Xanthomonas spp. é uma doença frequente nos campos de cultivo, provocando importantes perdas econômicas. Devido à dificuldade de controle com os métodos tradicionais, novas ferramentas de manejo para esta doença, como o controle biológico e a indução de resistência vêm ganhando destaque. O objetivo desse trabalho foi a seleção de fungos sapróbios do semiárido nordestino brasileiro para o controle biológico da mancha bacteriana do tomateiro. Inicialmente, com o objetivo de selecionar os isolados que apresentassem melhor controle da mancha bacteriana, foi montado um ensaio em casa de vegetação com tomateiros ('Santa Cruz Kada') tratados com os filtrados de 25 fungos sapróbios e inoculados com a bactéria Xanthomonas euvesicatoria três dias depois. Foram selecionados os isolados de Memnoniella levispora, Periconia hispidul...
The antagonistic activity of 25 saprobe fungi from semiarid areas of Northeast Brazil was evaluated against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae). Four fungi [Myrothecium sp. Tode (Hypocreales: Stachybotryaceae) isolate 2, Volutella minima Höhn. (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), Phialomyces macrosporus P.C. Misra & P.H.B. Talbot (Pezizomycotina) and Dictyosporium tetraseriale Goh, Yanna & K.D. Hyde (Pleosporales: Dictyosporiaceae)] were selected and further tested their ability to inhibit mycelial growth, sclerotia formation and ascospore germination of S. sclerotiorum and to control white mold on soybean plants. V. minima and P. macrosporus filtrates at 50% effectively suppressed mycelial growth and Myrothecium sp. isolate 2 completely suppressed sclerotia formation and inhibited ascospore germination by over 95%, the same result as commercial fungicide fluazinam. Soybean plants pre-treated with Myrothecium sp. isolate 2, P. macrosporus, and V. minima and inoculated with S. sclerotiorum showed a reduction of 55.8%, 79.7%, and 83.2% of area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) of white mold, respectively, in relation to water. Collectively, these results underline the antagonistic activity of V. minima, P. macrosporus, and Myrothecium sp. isolate 2 against S. sclerotiorum and their potential as biocontrol agents of soybean white mold.
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