Objects Isolated cleft palate (CPO) is the rarest form of oral clefting affecting 1‐25 per 10 000 newborns worldwide. There is increasing evidence for the different pathogenetic backgrounds of CPO and cleft lip with or without cleft palate. The role of environmental factors in the origin of non‐syndromic and syndromic CPO is unclear in most patients. The aim of this study was to estimate possible maternal risk factors in the origin of CPO. Setting and Sample Population The Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities contains data of 32 345 birth defect cases and 57 231 control newborns. The study samples included 751 cases with isolated CPO, 1196 matched controls and 57 231 population controls. Material and Methods Maternal diseases during pregnancy in cases and population controls were compared, and adjusted ORs with 95% CI were calculated in a multivariable unconditional logistic regression model. Results Beyond the well‐known robust female excess (58.9%)—maternal smoking (OR with 95% CI: 2.34, 1.94‐2.81) medically recorded maternal anaemia, threatened abortion and excessive vomiting in pregnancy were associated with a higher risk for CPO in the offspring. An elevated risk was found in Graves’ disease (OR: 4.30, 1.74‐10.62), epilepsy (OR: 4.64, 2.44‐8.82), migraine (OR: 2.82, 1.18‐6.76) and essential hypertension (OR: 2.33, 1.32‐4.10). Among acute diseases common cold (OR: 4.94, 3.48‐7.03), acute respiratory infections (OR: 4.20, 1.49‐11.82), influenza (OR: 2.95, 1.75‐4.95), pulpitis (OR: 7.85, 2.80‐22.03), cholecystitis (OR: 3.15, 1.16‐8.60), acute urinary tract infections (OR: 4.08, 2.22‐7.49) and pelvic inflammatory diseases (OR: 3.93, 1.62‐9.53) during pregnancy also were associated with an increased risk for developing CPO. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that maternal diseases and lifestyle factors during the first trimester play a significant role in the development of isolated cleft palate.

Background: 3D printing is a rapidly developing technology in the healthcare industry and in dentistry. Its application clearly shows that this area of digital dentistry has potential for everyday usage across all fields, including prosthodontics, orthodontics, maxillofacial surgery, and oral implantology. However, despite gaining ground, there is a lack of information about how specialists (dentists and dental technicians) use additive technology. Our research group aimed to investigate the impact of social media on additive manufacturing technology among dental specialists and their everyday usage of 3D printing. Methods: This paper investigated specialists’ everyday usage of 3D printers via an online survey (Google Forms). The survey questions aimed to discover the number of 3D printers used, the accessibility of the devices, the annual cost, and the design programs. Since specialists tend to build online communities on social media, we circulated our study questionnaire using our profiles on LinkedIn, Facebook, and Instagram platforms during our research. Results: A total of 120 responses were received from 20 countries, with the most significant numbers being from Hungary 23.7% (n = 27), the United States 18.4% (n = 21), and the United Kingdom 7.9% (n = 9). Most of the participants were dentists (n = 68) or dental technicians (n = 29), but some CAD/CAM specialists (n = 23) also completed our survey. The participants had an average of 3.8 years (±0.7) of experience in the 3D printing field, and owned a total of 405 printing devices (3.6 on average/person). Conclusions: The impact of social media on this research field is growing increasingly. Hence, we support specialists in joining virtual communities on professional platforms. This article intended to provide a practical overview, feedback, and direction for dentists interested in 3D printing technology. From our survey, we can conclude that additive technology is broadening dental applications and the services that we can provide for our patients.

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Since a significant proportion of diabetic patients have clinical or subclinical neuropathy, there may be concerns about the use of local anaesthetics. The present study was designed to determine and compare the effects of articaine, a widely used anaesthetic in dental practice, and lidocaine on the resting and axonal stimulation-evoked release of [H]noradrenaline ([H]NA) in prefrontal cortex slices and the release of [H]NA in spinal cord slices prepared from non-diabetic and streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (glucose level=22.03±2.31mmol/l) rats. The peak of allodynia was achieved 9 weeks after STZ-treatment. Articaine and lidocaine inhibited the stimulation-evoked release in a concentration-dependent manner and increased the resting release by two to six times. These effects indicate an inhibitory action of these anaesthetics on Na- and K-channels. There was no difference in clinically important nerve conduction between non-diabetic and diabetic rats, as measured by the release of transmitter in response to axonal stimulation. The uptake and resting release of NA was significantly higher in the brain slices prepared from diabetic rats, but there were no differences in the spinal cord. For the adverse effects, the effects of articaine on K channels (resting release) are more pronounced compared to lidocaine. In this respect, articaine has a thiophene ring with high lipid solubility, which may present potential risks for some patients.

Diabetes is considered an endemic medical condition with increasing prevalence globally. This tendency has been also detected in Hungary where the prevalence of diabetes among the adult population reached 7% according to the latest statistical data (1). Numerous data from several medical publications have shown that diabetes is a promoting factor in the formation of malignant tumors at different sites and has a negative impact on tumor progression and patient survival (2-16). Our medical research team has long studied the correlations between oral cavity cancer and diabetes, mainly type 2 diabetes (17, 18). Since type-2 diabetes has rapidly increased in prevalence globally and the morbidity and mortality rates of oral cavity cancer -especially in Hungary-do not show any significant decrease, we examined the relationship between glucose metabolic disorders and oral cancer in our clinic over the past 14 years. In the present study, we analyzed data of 758 patients with oral cavity cancer and 534 tumor-free control patients and examined the prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), the distribution of tumor location and the role of smoking. Additionally, we compared our current results to data obtained 14 years ago. Patients and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective research study in the inpatient ward of the Semmelweis University Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Budapest, Hungary. We examined patients who were diagnosed with histologically confirmed malignant oral tumors. The examination period was between the 1st of January, 2012 and 31st of December, 2015. These results were compared to an earlier study that was conducted in the same Department between the 1st of January, 1998 and 30th of June, 2002. We processed the data of 610 patients (435 males and 175 females) in the first interval and the data of 758 patients (400 male and 358 female) in the second interval. All patients were diagnosed with histologically confirmed malignant cancer. Based on these histological data, we confirmed that 606 cases among the 610 and 749 cases among the 758 were squamous cell carcinomas, while the remainder consisted of adenocarcinomas. The average age of the patients from the previous study was 56 years (range=36-85), whereas the average age of the patients in the follow-up study was 64 years (range=12-92).The control group in the first research interval was formed by 574 patients (351 male, 223 female). Their average age was 51 years (range=32-79).The control group in the second study interval was formed by 534 patients (318 male, 216 female) with an average age of 53 years (range=30-94). The patients of the control group in both study intervals volunteered for stomato-oncological screening and found symptom-and cancer-free.We considered patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) to be those who had been previously diagnosed and treated for diabetes by an internist or diabetologist. We classified patients into the IFG group when their fasting blood glucose values were between 6.1 and 6.9 mmol/l. We cons...

Background/Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic metabolic disorders. Our research aimed to demonstrate the relationship between DM and oral cancer. Patients and Methods: We pursued a retrospective research study in Hungary between January 2019 and December 2020. We investigated 597 inpatient records and compared them to the results of our previous studies (1998-2002 and 2012-2015). Results: The frequency of patients with DM in the oral cancer group is 2.45 times higher today than 20 years ago. The prevalence rate of DM and oral malignancies increased from 14.6% to 35.8%. In the oral cancer group, 54.4% of the patients had elevated blood glucose levels and of these, 61.1% of them had type 2 diabetes, 34.2% had impaired fasting glycemia, and only 4.7% had type 1 diabetes. We observed that 45.3% of them were smokers. Of those whose blood sugar levels were under 6.1 mmol/l, the mean body mass index was 25.33 [standard deviation (SD)=±4.5;, while among patients with DM, it was 26.92 (SD=±5.8;). Conclusion: It may be necessary to continuously monitor the patient's blood sugar level to maintain euglycemic levels when managing patients with malignant oral lesions.

Background: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a type of jawbone necrosis caused by the use of drugs for some types of cancer and osteoporosis. The current study aimed to evaluate the associations between hyperglycemia and the development of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Methods: Our research group investigated data collected between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2020. A total of 260 patients were selected from the Inpatient Care Unit, Department of Oromaxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Semmelweis University. Fasting glucose data were used and included in the study. Results: Approximately 40% of the necrosis group and 21% of the control group presented with hyperglycemia. There was a significant association between hyperglycemia and MRONJ (p < 0.05, p = 0.003). Vascular anomaly and immune dysfunction caused by hyperglycemia can lead to necrosis after tooth extraction. Necrosis is more common in the mandible (75.0%) and in the case of parenteral antiresorptive treatment (intravenous Zoledronate and subcutaneous Denosumab). Hyperglycemia is a more relevant risk factor than bad oral habits (26.7%). Conclusions: Ischemia is a complication of abnormal glucose levels, a possible risk factor for necrosis development. Hence, uncontrolled or poorly regulated plasma glucose levels can significantly increase the risk of jawbone necrosis after invasive dental or oral surgical interventions.

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