The transradial approach for carotid artery stenting is safe and efficacious; however, the crossover rate is higher with transradial access. There are no differences in the total procedure duration and fluoroscopy time between the two approaches but the radiation dose is significantly higher in the radial group, and the hospitalisation is shorter with the use of transradial access by per-protocol analysis. By evaluating the patient data according to intention-to-treat analysis we found no difference in major adverse events and hospitalisation. In both groups, vascular complications rarely occurred.

preoperative sodium level; p = 0.037, model of end-stage liver disease score >25; p = 0.048, primary sclerosing cholangitis; p = 0.001, malignancy; p = 0.026, donor age >60, macrovesicular graft steatosis; p = 0.001, duct-to-duct anastomosis; p = 0.004, long anhepatic phase; p = 0.04, cold ischemic time >12 h; p = 0.043, use of T-tube; p = 0.032, insufficient flush of bile ducts; p = 0.001, acute rejection; p = 0.003, cytomegalovirus infection; p = 0.004 and hepatic artery thrombosis; p = 0.001. The management was surgical in case of biliary leakage, and interventional radiology or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in case of biliary stricture. Mapping of miRNA profile is a new field of research. Nemes-Doros score is a useful tool in the estimation of hepatic artery thrombosis. Management of BCs requires a multidisciplinary expert team.

Angioplasty of the innominate artery has been proven to be safe and effective on a large series of patients. For innominate artery stenosis and short occlusion, PTA should be the treatment of choice.

Extended criteria donors (ECDs) have an impact on early allograft dysfunction (EAD), biliary complications, relapse of hepatitis C virus (HCV), and survivals. Early allograft dysfunction was frequently seen in grafts with moderate and severe steatosis. Donors after cardiac death (DCD) have been associated with higher rates of graft failure and biliary complications compared to donors after brain death. Extended warm ischemia, reperfusion injury and endothelial activation trigger a cascade, leading to microvascular thrombosis, resulting in biliary necrosis, cholangitis, and graft failure. The risk of HCV recurrence increased by donor age, and associated with using moderately and severely steatotic grafts. With the administration of protease inhibitors sustained virological response was achieved in majority of the patients. Donor risk index and EC donor scores (DS) are reported to be useful, to assess the outcome. The 1-year survival rates were 87% and 40% respectively, for donors with a DS of 0 and 3. Graft survival was excellent up to a DS of 2, however a DS >2 should be avoided in higher-risk recipients. The 1, 3 and 5-year survival of DCD recipients was comparable to optimal donors. However ECDs had minor survival means of 85%, 78.6%, and 72.3%. The graft survival of split liver transplantation (SLT) was comparable to that of whole liver orthotopic liver transplantation. SLT was not regarded as an ECD factor in the MELD era any more. Full-right-full-left split liver transplantation has a significant advantage to extend the high quality donor pool. Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion can be applied clinically in DCD liver grafts. Feasibility and safety were confirmed. Reperfusion injury was also rare in machine perfused DCD livers. I) IntroductionAs discussed earlier, extended criteria donors are used widely. In this chapter a review is given about the impact of ECD on the outcome. Living related liver transplantation is discussed shortly, whether the partial grafts can still be regarded as ECD or not. Machine perfusion, as a possible management was also reviewed briefly. Outcome parameters are divided as possible complications, and survival results. Complications are listed as early graft dysfunction, biliary complications, HCV recurrence. Survival rates are summarized separately. Split, and living related LT discussed briefly, and finally the machine perfusion, as a possible future aspect is summarized. Silberhummer et al figured out the recipients' condition by the delta-MELD: as the difference between the MELD at transplantation and the MELD at listing. Patients with a both delta-MELD>1 and an ECD>2 together had a higher chance to develop EAD, and also significantly higher risk for mortality [3]. Others report a similar incidence of EAD, PNF, acute rejection, biliary complication and also that ECD had no significant effect on either ICU stay or duration of postOLT ventilation, and also the postOLT laboratory test, bleeding, biliary and vascular complication rates were similar in ECD and non-...

Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been proposed as an adaptive mechanism protecting against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We investigated HO-1 expression in 38 human liver transplants and correlated this with I/R injury and graft function. Before transplantation, median HO-1 mRNA levels were 3.4-fold higher (range: 0.7-9.3) in donors than in normal controls. Based on the median value, livers were divided into two groups: low and high HO-1 expression. These groups had similar donor characteristics, donor serum transaminases, cold ischemia time, HSP-70 expression and the distribution of HO-1 promoter polymorphism. After reperfusion, HO-1 expression increased significantly further in the initial low HO-1 expression group, but not in the high HO-1 group. Postoperatively, serum transaminases were significantly lower and the bile salt secretion was higher in the initial low HO-1 group, compared to the high expression group. Immunofluorescence staining identified Kupffer cells as the main localization of HO-1.In conclusion, human livers with initial low HO-1 expression (<3.4 times controls) are able to induce HO-1 further during reperfusion and are associated with less injury and better function than initial high HO-1 expression (>3.4 times controls). These data suggest that an increase in HO-1 during transplantation is more protective than high HO-1 expression before transplantation.Key words: Cytoprotection, heme-oxygenase-1, ischemia/reperfusion injury, liver transplantation Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; AUC, area under the curve; CO, carbon monoxide; GGT, gamma glutamyltransferase; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; HSP-70, heat shock protein-70; I/R injury, ischemia/reperfusion injury; mRNA, messenger ribonucleicacids; OLT, orthotopic liver transplantation; ROS, reactive oxygen species.

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Failed antegrade attempts to recanalize CTO-s of femoropopliteal and infrapopliteal vessels can be salvaged using a retrograde transpedal access, with a low acute and late complication rate. This technique could be valuable for patients with critical limb ischemia due to femoropopliteal and infrapopliteal occlusions.

Objects Isolated cleft palate (CPO) is the rarest form of oral clefting affecting 1‐25 per 10 000 newborns worldwide. There is increasing evidence for the different pathogenetic backgrounds of CPO and cleft lip with or without cleft palate. The role of environmental factors in the origin of non‐syndromic and syndromic CPO is unclear in most patients. The aim of this study was to estimate possible maternal risk factors in the origin of CPO. Setting and Sample Population The Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities contains data of 32 345 birth defect cases and 57 231 control newborns. The study samples included 751 cases with isolated CPO, 1196 matched controls and 57 231 population controls. Material and Methods Maternal diseases during pregnancy in cases and population controls were compared, and adjusted ORs with 95% CI were calculated in a multivariable unconditional logistic regression model. Results Beyond the well‐known robust female excess (58.9%)—maternal smoking (OR with 95% CI: 2.34, 1.94‐2.81) medically recorded maternal anaemia, threatened abortion and excessive vomiting in pregnancy were associated with a higher risk for CPO in the offspring. An elevated risk was found in Graves’ disease (OR: 4.30, 1.74‐10.62), epilepsy (OR: 4.64, 2.44‐8.82), migraine (OR: 2.82, 1.18‐6.76) and essential hypertension (OR: 2.33, 1.32‐4.10). Among acute diseases common cold (OR: 4.94, 3.48‐7.03), acute respiratory infections (OR: 4.20, 1.49‐11.82), influenza (OR: 2.95, 1.75‐4.95), pulpitis (OR: 7.85, 2.80‐22.03), cholecystitis (OR: 3.15, 1.16‐8.60), acute urinary tract infections (OR: 4.08, 2.22‐7.49) and pelvic inflammatory diseases (OR: 3.93, 1.62‐9.53) during pregnancy also were associated with an increased risk for developing CPO. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that maternal diseases and lifestyle factors during the first trimester play a significant role in the development of isolated cleft palate.