Reactive oxygen species have a significant role in the pathogenesis of iron oxide nanorod (IONR) overload-induced organ toxicity in some organs such as the lungs. Green tea induces upregulation of phase II antioxidant enzymes that are transcriptionally organized by the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) that when activated antagonize the oxidative stress induced by IONR overload that causes cardiotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to determine whether treatment of cardiotoxicity with iron chelators (deferiprone (DFP) or deferoxamine (DFO)) alone or in combination with phytochemical activation of Nrf2 (green tea) can protect cardiomyocytes from IONR overload-induced cardiotoxicity. One hundred five rats were distributed into seven groups: two control groups (non-IONR-overloaded and IONR-overloaded) and five IONR-overloaded groups such as a green tea group, DFP group, DFP combined with green tea group, DFO group, and DFO combined with green tea. Blood samples and cardiac tissues were obtained for estimation of total iron-binding capacity, ratio of myocardial 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine/myocardial 2-deoxyguanosine, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, glutathione (GSH) contents, and histopathological examination. The results showed mild histopathological changes in the heart and a significant decrease in all biochemical parameters, except for myocardial GSH, in the DFP group. The addition of green tea improved the biochemical and histopathological results compared with chelators alone.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have developed as a significant class of nanomaterial with potential dangers to organisms and the environment in a variety of applications. This study aimed to investigate the impact of costus root extract against CuO NPs induced oxidative stress, alterations in heart structure and functions. 40 adult male rats were assigned randomly to four groups: first; control, second; costus (300 mg/kg body weight/day) orally for 2 weeks, third; CuO NPs (100 mg/kg body weight/day) intraperitoneally for 4 weeks and fourth; CuO NPs + costus.Current results revealed, significant increases in serum levels of creatine kinase-MB, creatine kinase enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, myoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cardiac TBIRS, total thiol, nitric oxide, and cardiac proliferating cell nuclear antigen after CuO NPs administration when compared with control group. Conversely, statistical significant decreases were detected in cardiac reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase in CuO NPs group as compared with control group. Interestingly, treatment of CuO NPs with costus root extract was associated with significant improvements of the studied parameters, heart structure and functions. CuO NPs-induced toxicity, injury and oxidative stress in rat heart and treatment with Costus root extract could scavenge free radicals producing beneficial effects against CuO NPs.

Glasgow coma scale, Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II, simplified acute physiology score II, rapid emergency medicine score, carbon monoxide poisoning, prediction of mortality. Carbon monoxide (CO) is known as a silent killer. In Egypt, it is one of the most common causes of death-related poisonings. This study aimed to evaluate some scoring systems; Glasgow coma scale (GCS), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II), simplified acute physiology score II (SAPS II) and rapid emergency medicine score (REMS) for predicting in-hospital mortality of patients with acute CO poisoning. One hundred and eight acutely CO poisoned patients were included in the study. For each patient, socio-demographic and toxicological data were recorded. Clinical examination and calculation of the four scoring systems were performed. Patients were divided into two groups; survivors and non-survivors. Discrimination was evaluated using ROC curve and calculating the area under the curve (AUC). The current study revealed that median age of the studied patients was 25.5 years, 55.6% were males and 61.1% were from rural areas. All cases were intoxicated accidently. Among the studied 108 patients; 20 patients died in hospital and 88 patients survived. Both APACHE II and SAPS II had the best AUC, followed by REMS then GCS. The AUC of GCS was significantly lower than those of APACHE II, SAPS II and REMS scores; while differences between AUC of APACHE II, SAPS, and REMS were not statistically significant. It could be concluded that REMS is more useful in predicting in-hospital mortality in acute CO poisoning as it is a simple, easy and rapid scoring system rather than more complicated scoring systems such as APACHE II and SAPS II.

All right received. Introduction icin toxin (RT) is considered one of the most potent and lethal naturally-occurring substances that ever known; in humans, the median lethal dose of ricin (LD50) after injection or inhalation is about 22 µg/kg of body weight, meanwhile, the estimated lethal oral dose is 1 mg/kg. Hence, some of orally administered ricin is inactivated in the stomach therefore, it becomes less toxic. Meanwhile, ricin toxicity is very limited through intact skin because of its large molecular size and high charge. Ricin is a water-soluble glycoprotein which was firstly extracted from the seeds of castor bean plant (Ricinus communis) by the researcher Peter Hermann Stillmark. Because of its high toxicity, wide availability and the ease of its manufacture, ricin has been considered as one of the biological warfare agents (EFSA, 2008; Moshiri et al., 2016 and Zhou et al., 2017).

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs or nanosilver) have pulled in expanding interest because of their novel physical, substance, and organic properties contrasted with their full scale scaled partners. The goal of this study was to investigate if Avena sativa (AVS) extract could ameliorate Ag NPs toxicity-induced alterations in liver structure and function, DNA damage, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Twenty adult male rats were assigned randomly to four groups: control, AVS (intragastrically, 5 g/Kg body weight/day) for 2 weeks, Ag NPs (400 mg/kg body weight/day) for 1 week as acute toxicity and Ag NPs + AVS (same therapy of Ag NPs as acute toxicity with AVS). This study demonstrated a statistical significant increase in serum levels of liver function tests (AST, ALT, ALP and globulin), liver DNA damage, apoptotic P53 and Malondialdehyde after Ag NPs administration when compared to control group. Conversely, statistical significant decreases were detected in serum albumin, total proteins, liver reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and anti-apoptotic Bcl 2 in Ag NPs group as compared to control group. Interestingly, treatment of Ag NPs with AVS (Ag Nps + AVS) was associated with significant improvements of the studied parameters, liver structure and functions. Avena sativa (AVS) extract could scavenge free radicals producing beneficial effects against acute Ag NPs hepatotoxicity in rats induced through activation of oxidative stress and apoptosis.