The Possible Protective Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid against Acute Ricin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rats

Abstract

All right received. Introduction icin toxin (RT) is considered one of the most potent and lethal naturally-occurring substances that ever known; in humans, the median lethal dose of ricin (LD50) after injection or inhalation is about 22 µg/kg of body weight, meanwhile, the estimated lethal oral dose is 1 mg/kg. Hence, some of orally administered ricin is inactivated in the stomach therefore, it becomes less toxic. Meanwhile, ricin toxicity is very limited through intact skin because of its large molecular size and high charge. Ricin is a water-soluble glycoprotein which was firstly extracted from the seeds of castor bean plant (Ricinus communis) by the researcher Peter Hermann Stillmark. Because of its high toxicity, wide availability and the ease of its manufacture, ricin has been considered as one of the biological warfare agents (EFSA, 2008; Moshiri et al., 2016 and Zhou et al., 2017).

Salvia officinalis flowers extract ameliorates liver and kidney injuries induced by simultaneous intoxication with ethanol/castor oil

“…During this investigation, we also found that the simultaneous administration of EtOH and CO caused severe liver and kidney tissue damage. These observations are in line with results from the literature, which have shown that ricin and/or alcohol intoxications were very effective for the induction of typical injuries (Elgharbawy et al., 2021; Jedidi et al., 2022b; Kamoun et al., 2017). These are accompanied by edema and focus of necrosis and blood congestion with dilation of the centrilobular veins in the livers.…”

“…Other studies have suggested that these two agents induced the expression of other inflammatory parameters/markers. Hepato‐ and nephrotoxicity induced by alcohol, castor oil, or ricin have been shown to be accompanied by excessive production of pro‐inflammatory markers and oxidative stress (Elgharbawy et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2015). In addition, it has been suggested that nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) is activated by various inflammatory stimuli such as cytokines and TNF‐α (Lennikov et al., 2018).…”

“…Other studies have suggested that these two agents induced the expression of other inflammatory parameters/markers. Hepato-and nephrotoxicity induced by alcohol, castor oil, or ricin have been shown to be accompanied by excessive production of pro-inflammatory markers and oxidative stress (Elgharbawy et al, 2021;Liu et al, 2015). In addition, it has been suggested that T A B L E 6 Effect of Salvia officinalis flowers aqueous extract (SF-AE) against simultaneous intoxication with ethanol and castor oil (EtOH + CO)-induced alterations in liver, kidney and plasma hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), free iron and calcium concentrations in rats.…”