Among 5925 preschool-age children examined in a house to house rural field study, X1B (Bitot's spot with xerosis) and/or an history of nightblindness (XN) was presented in 325. Mean serum vitamin A levels among those with isolated XN (13.9 microgram/dl), isolated X1B (13.4 micrograms/dl), and coexistent XN/X1B (12.1 microgram/dl) were similar, and significantly below that of normal age/sex/neighborhood matched controls (17.6, 17.1, and 18.3 microgram/dl, respectively). The mean serum vitamin A level of the matched controls was significantly below that of normal, randomly sampled children from the study population as a whole (20.6 microgarm/dl). As independent screening criteria, disregarding the presence of absence of other signs, twice as many children had a history of XN as had X1B (84 and 41% of all clinically abnormal children, respectively). Of randomly sampled children 55% but only 15% of cases of XN had serum vitamin A levels above 20 microgram/dl. Of children with a history of nightblindness 97% had impaired scotopic vision on objective testing, but the mean serum vitamin A levels among test positives and negatives were identical. These results suggest a properly eleicited history of nightblindness can be almost as specific and far more sensitive an index of vitamin A deficiency and early xerophthalmia than the prescence of Bitot's spots (X1B), and that vitamin A deficiency is a clustered, neighborhood phenomenon rather than an isolated, sporadic occurrence.
The stated frequency with which 30 Indonesian children with corneal xerophthalmia and age/sex/neighborhood matched controls ordinarily consumed vitamin- and provitamin A-rich foods was compared. Controls were more frequent consumers of eggs (p less than 0.05), fish (p less than 0.05), dark green leafy vegetables (p less than 0.05), carrots (p less than 0.01), and carotene-containing fruits (p less than 0.1). Similar data were collected on 358 children with Bitot's spots and on normal preschool age children in a countrywide survey. Breast-feeding was more common among normals than among cases (p less than 0.001). Normals were also more frequent consumers of mango and papaya during the 2nd and 3rd yr of life (p less than 0.05); and of dark green leafy vegetables and eggs during the 3rd through 6th yr of life (p less than 0.01). In two separate studies, differences in carotene consumption by normals and abnormals were confirmed by differences in their serum carotene levels. Approximately 80% of Indonesian families, with an without xerophthalmic children, consumed dark-green leafy vegetables at least once a day, and 99% at least once a week. Diet therefore appears to be an important factor in the genesis of xerophthalmia in Indonesia despite the availability of suitable provitamin A-rich foods.
AbstrakPenelitian ini menawarkan pendekatan yang efektif dalam penetapan kebutuhan pelatihan guru dengan menggunakan metode Training Needs Assessment (TNA). Tujuannya memetakan kompetensi pedagogik aktual guru IPA SMP, menetapkan kebutuhan dan prioritas pelatihan, serta rekomendasi metode pelatihan efektif. Survei, wawancara, dan FGD dilakukan untuk memperoleh data primer yang selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Metode TNA dilakukan secara lengkap melalui analisis organisasi, tugas, dan individu. Analisis individu dilakukan terhadap 165 guru IPA SMP Negeri Kota Pekanbaru menggunakan kuesioner dengan teknik evaluasi diri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kompetensi pedagogik aktual guru IPA SMP berada di bawah standar kompetensi ideal. Lima prioritas program pelatihan adalah pelatihan TIK/ICT, penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK), teori dan prinsip pembelajaran IPA terpadu, pengembangan kurikulum IPA terpadu, dan penguasaan karakteristik peserta didik. In House Training (IHT), pelatihan khusus, dan kursus singkat direkomendasikan sebagai metode pelatihan yang efektif untuk meningkatkan kompetensi pedagogik guru IPA SMP. AbstractThis study offers an effective approach in determining the needs of training of the teachers using the Training Needs Analysis (TNA). The objectives of the study were to obtain evidence an actual pedagogic competence of the natural sciences teachers, to obtain needs and training priorities, and proposing recommendations on the effectiveness of training method. Surveys, interviews, and FGD were conducted to get primary data. Survey was carried on 165 natural science teachers of SMP Negeri Pekanbaru using self-evaluation questionnaire. Results showed that actual pedagogic competence of the teachers was below the ideal competence. There were five priorities of training program, namely: training of ICT, classroom action research, theory and principles of learning on integrated natural science, curriculum development, and understanding of pupils' characteristics. It is suggested that In House Training, specific training, and short courses are worth applied as effective training methods to improve pedagogical competence of the teachers.
PendahuluanKeberlanjutan dari penerapan teknologi pengelolaan pekarangan oleh wanita tani pada dasarnya ditujukan guna menghadapi isu ketahanan pangan nasional, perbandingan ketersediaan pangan versus pertambahan jumlah penduduk, isu alih fungsi lahan dan kesadaran tentang pentingnya upaya diversifikasi pangan. Pengelolaan lahan pekarangan yang berkelanjutan pada hakekatnya merupakan AbstrakKeberlanjutan penerapan teknologi pengelolaan pekarangan oleh wanita tani pada dasarnya ditujukan guna menghadapi isu ketahanan pangan nasional, perbandingan ketersediaan pangan vs pertambahan jumlah penduduk, isu alih fungsi lahan dan kesadaran tentang pentingnya upaya diversifikasi pangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) menganalisis karakteristik individu, karakteristik inovasi, kinerja fasilitator, dukungan eksternal dan keberlanjutan penerapan teknologi pengelolaan pekarangan; (2) mengkaji pengaruh karakteristik individu, karakteristik inovasi, kinerja fasilitator, dan dukungan eksternal terhadap keberlanjutan penerapan teknologi pengelolaan pekarangan. Penelitian dilakukan di Kecamatan Sindangagung dan Kecamatan Jalaksana, Kabupaten Kuningan Provinsi Jawa Barat. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 76 orang wanita tani. Hasil analisis regresi linear berganda Uji F (simultan), semua peubah bebas karakteristik individu, karakteristik inovasi, kinerja penyuluh/fasilitator dan dukungan lingkungan eksternal memiliki pengaruh nyata terhadap keberlanjutan adopsi. Nilai pengaruh sebesar 72,4% sedangkan sisanya 27,6% dipengaruhi oleh peubah lain yang tidak ada di dalam model regresi. Secara berurutan indikator peubah karakteristik individu yang berpengaruh nyata adalah umur, motivasi, jumlah anggota keluarga, tingkat pendidikan, curahan waktu wanita tani dan pendapatan keluarga. Indikator karakteristik inovasi adalah keuntungan relatif dan tingkat kesesuaian inovasi. Indikator kinerja fasilitator adalah tingkat kunjungan dan tingkat pengetahuan. Semua indikator dukungan eksternal pemasaran, dukungan keluarga, dukungan kelompok dan sarana prasarana berpengaruh nyata terhadap keberlanjutan pengelolaan lahan pekarangan.
<p>Field School of Comprehensive Agriculture Land-Use Management (SL-PTT) is agriculture innovation from ministry of agriculture. The SL-PTT program aims accelerating the adoption of innovation at the farm level to increase production in a sustainable manner. The study aims to analyze decision making process by the farmers to adopt and utilize the technology of rice innovation in their land-use and and how much the production level of rice achieved by the farmers in SL-PTT program. The study was planned using survey descriptive correlational on March-April 2014 covered 80 farmers in village of Abbokongeng, Sub District of Kulo, District of Sidrap, South Sulawesi. Data were analyzed and tested using multiple linear regression. The evidence showed that almost all (91,25%) of the farmers applied all innovations, such as: using high qualified seeds, planting system, using appropriate fertilizer and water irrigarion, controlling pests, harvest and past-harvest management. Production of rice were more than 6,000 kg /ha with average profit is Rp 18,969,950/Ha. To increase adoption innovation of technology by the farmers, exntension worker should carry out more intensive approach. Communication between the farmers and the extension worker should be maintained and increased through the SL-PTT program in such that the rice production can be consistently increazed.<br />Keywords: Adoption, technology, farmer, extension worker, SL-PTT</p>
Self reliance of the patin fish farmers in Tangkit Baru Village is very important to promote better quality of life. Self reliance of the fish farmers reflected ability of them in coping the problems and finding out of alternatives solution. The objectives of the study were: (1) To indentify the characteristics of patin fish farmers in peatlands, (2) To analyze self reliance of the patin fish farmers in managing of aquaculture, (3) To analyze the relationship between the self reliance of the patin fish farmers and their characteristics. Population of this study were the patin fish farmers in Tangkit Baru. The number of the respondens were 69 patin fish farmers in Tangkit Baru which were taken by simple random sample. The data were collected on May to July 2007. The data were analyzed by using Correlation Spearman. The results of the study were: (1) Cultivation of patin fish in Tangkit Baru village is very successful. The fish farmers could modify their business well, as they conducted their budiness independently, (2) Patin fish farmers have been done a good action in capital management, production process and marketing, (3) There were significant relation between self reliance of the patin fish farmers and their characteristics, namely in formal education, motivation, family dependent members, cosmopolite, man power, and experience in business.
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