Introduction: Intestinal parasitosis is highly prevalent among general population and hospital patients in Nepal. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among patients in a hospital of Nepal.

Introduction: Intestinal parasitosis is highly prevalent among general population and hospital patients in Nepal. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among patients in a hospital of Nepal. Methods: A retrospective study was done by analyzing the findings of stool examined from April 2006 to March 2008 at Department of Microbiology of the hospital. χ2-test was used for analytical assessment. Results: Out of 2221 fecal samples, 20.7% were positive, the positivity being 23.9% and 15.8%, respectively in first and second year (P<0.05). Overall infection rate was nearly equal in male and female (20.2% vs. 21.2%). The infection rate was highest among patients of >60 years (25.3%) followed by those of <15 years (21.2%) and 15-59 years (20.1%) ( P>0.05). Ascaris lumbricoides (31.8%) and Entamoeba histolytica (38.0%) were the commonest helminth and protozoa, respectively. Other parasites were Hookworm (18.3%), Hymenolepis nana (2.6%), Taenia solium (2.6%), Strongyloides stercoralis (1.3%) and Giardia lamblia (5.5%). Conclusions: Though, the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among hospital visiting patients is declining, high detection of A. lumbricoides and E. histolytica signifies the need of public awareness regarding latrine use, water source protection from fecal contamination, proper sanitation and hygienic behavior. Keywords: Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica, intestinal parasites. DOI: 10.3126/joim.v31i3.2974 Journal of Institute of Medicine, December, 2009; 31(3) 13-16

Introduction: Since the beginning of the modern chemotherapeutic era, the treatment of gonorrhea has been dogged by the shifting antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Though penicillins have been recommended for treatment of gonorrhoeae, there have been reports of treatment failure with penicillins. In this study, we report the emergence of penicillin resistance N. gonorrhoeae and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.

Objectives: This study was done to determine the drug resistance pattern and Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) in bacterial isolates of Enterobacteriaceae family from different clinical specimens.Methods: The isolates were identified by conventional culture techniques and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion methods and ESBL detection by combined disk method.Results: Of the total 1602 sample processed 200 (12.5%) bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family were isolated and 85.5% of them were multidrug resistant. Of the total Enterobacteriaceae isolates 27% were ESBL producers. Single isolate of stool was MDR and ESBL producer. Higher prevalence of MDR isolates (100%) and ESBL producer (41.2%) was observed in sputum specimen. Higher multidrug resistance (92.1%) and ESBL production (35%) was detected in Klebsiella pneumoniae.Conclusion: The most effective antibiotics towards the isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were imipenem, amikacin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Emergence of MDR and ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae requires proper infection control measures and routine and reliable detection of ESBL with rationale use of antibiotics.

Background: This study reports the comparative studies and microbial risk assessment of different water samples used for drinking water. The results obtained were compared with WHO and EPA standards for drinking and recreational water. Methods results:The pH, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and arsenic content of samples were found within permissible guideline value however well sample was found to exceed Nepal standard values for calcium hardness and ammonia content. The total viable counts for all the water samples were high exceeding the limit for water (1.0×10 2 cfu/ ml). All the water samples were found to contain coliforms and fecal organisms in numbers greater than the required WHO/FAO standards for water. The fecal coliform colonies on M-endo agar plate ranged between 143 and 152 and total coliform from 110 to 248 per 100 ml water also exceed the standard limit for water. The Isolated organisms were identified to be E.coli, Klebsiella spp. and Citrobacter spp.