Plants with medical properties are often enriched with endophytes that have the potential to produce important bioactive compounds. Endophytes after entering the plant tissue may either colonize a particular tissue or may spread throughout the host plant without causing damage. The possession of pharmaceutical and biological properties has made the Holostemma ada-kodien Schult as one of the widely used plants of medicinal importance in India. Following the direct cut method three endophytic bacterial strains (UC H1, UC H4 and UC H7) were isolated, identified and characterized from the healthy looking rhizome of H. ada-kodien. Among these isolates, UC H1 and UC H4 were found to have many properties like antibacterial compounds, hydrolytic enzymes and plant growth promoting traits. The isolate UC H4 have ability for Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) production of 513.54 U/ml and very good protease and pectinase activities of 20.65 U/ml and 16.09 U/ml respectively. So far no reports are available on the endophytic microflora of H. ada-kodien.
Toxicity limits are appearing more frequently in permits for produced water discharges. A bioluminescent bacteria bioassay has been proposed as a screening tool to predict toxicity in higher organisms, which are more expensive and require longer testing times. Before such a surrogate screen can be used, a correlation must be demonstrated between toxicity in the surrogate and the species of interest. This paper describes tests comparing produced water toxicity in the biolumnescent bacteria test and in the mysid shrimp chronic estimator test, which is frequently required in Gulf of Mexico discharge permits. Under these test conditions, the bacteria test was not adequately predictive of produced water chronic toxicity to the mysid shrimp. Introduction In 1993, Chevron offshore platforms in the Gulf of Mexico began chronic toxicity testing under the NPDES General Permit for the Western Portion of the Outer Continental Shelf of the Gulf of Mexico. The permit requires short-term chronic estimator tests with the mysid shrimp and sheep shead minnow. These tests are each seven days long, and approximate costs can range from $1600-$3000 per produced water sample. Before the permit went into effect, toxicity data were needed to evaluate the extent of potential compliance problems and allow focus of toxicity reduction efforts. However, pre-permit testing with both species for each platform was considered prohibitively expensive. A less expensive toxicity screening method was sought to indicate which platforms might show toxicity in the permit-required tests. The bioluminescent bacteria bioassay has been proposed as a screening method for acute toxicity to higher organisms. The bacteria test is shorter, less expensive, and easier to perform than standard acute bioassays. Good correlations between the surrogate and various fish and invertebrate species have been reported in acute and chronic tests for specific chemicals and complex effluents. P. 351
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