(1) Background: Stunting remains a challenge in Indonesia, where 30.8% of under-five children are stunted and may never reach full potential height and cognitive function. We aimed to investigate the risk factors of stunting in Nangapanda subdistrict, East Nusa Tenggara; (2) Methods: The design was cross-sectional study located in rural area as part of PINTERMIDI UI project. We collected quantitative data on social determinants, weight, height, hemoglobin, ferritin, serum zinc, CRP, worm infection, history of deworming, co-morbidity, food security, and nutrient intake; (3) Results: A total of 196 under-five children included and 74% households were food insecure. The prevalence of stunting was 29.9% in this population (31.8% worm infection, 30.3% iron deficiency, and 28.1% zinc deficiency). Multivariate analysis showed household with 5-8 members (AOR 3.076; 95% CI 1.132 – 8.356) and unsafe drinking water (AOR 1.702; 95% CI 0.825 – 3.512) were significant independent risk factors of stunting after adjusted by child’s gender, father’s occupation, caregiver’s education, monthly expenses, sanitary facilities, and food security status; (4) Conclusions: The number of household members is the only independent risk factor of stunting among children age 24-59 months in rural area of Eastern Indonesia. Development of nutrition sensitive intervention and promotion of family planning are needed in order to increase adequate child’s care and feeding practices in rural area of Eastern Indonesia.
Background: In August 2018 Lombok Island in Indonesia was hit by a 7 Richter scale earthquake. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of comprehensive nutrition disaster rehabilitation, based on the holistic integrated early child development concept, on the growth and development of children under five. Methods: A community-based intervention was performed in the East Lombok district; four villages in two sub-districts were randomly allocated into intervention or control groups. Mothers of 6–49-month-old children in the intervention group (n = 240) attended parenting classes (twice weekly) and received shredded fish/liver/anchovy and optimized complementary feeding/food-based recommendations, developed using linear programming. Health staff from the public health center and teachers from early childhood education (ECE) centers delivered parenting sessions on health–nutrition and care–education. The control group (n = 240) received existing health services. Indicators measured at baseline and the end line point were weight, length/height, hemoglobin, feeding practices, psychosocial care (HOME) and maternal stress (SRQ). At the end line point, child development was assessed using BSID-III. Results: At the end line point, maternal stress and child morbidity (cough) were lower and dietary diversity (+1) in 6–23-month-old children, and weight-for-age Z-score (+0.26) and social emotional score (+10 points) in ≥24-month-old children were higher in the intervention group. Conclusions: The nutrition rehabilitation intervention delivered through ECE centers has a positive effect on the growth and development of children under five in post-disaster conditions.
Objectives To follow-up the situation of stunting among children in Nangapanda, a subdistrict in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia after 5 years. Methods The design was 5-year follow-up study in rural area of Indonesia. A total of 89 children aged 6–9 years were included. Structured interview, nutritional assessment, blood and stool collection were performed to the subjects who had the same measurement in 2014. Socio-demography characteristics, weight, height, hemoglobin level, serum ferritin, serum zinc, CRP, worm infection and household food security were collected. To compare the baseline and 5-year follow-up data wilcoxon test, paired t-test, and Mc-Nemar test were used. Results After 5 years, stunting prevalence dropped considerably from 49.4% to 21.3%. There were 34.1% children remain stunted after 5 years. Among the stunted children, 80% remained underweight, 33.3% remained anemia, and 16.7% still had worm infection. According to sociodemographic data, those who remain stunted had low mother's education (66%), lived with 5–8 household members (53.3%), experienced household food insecurity (53.3%), and consumed unsafe drinking water (46.7%). Compared to their nutritional status in 2014, there are improvements in their HAZ-score and hemoglobin level (P < 0.0001). In addition, worm infection rate reduced although the reduction was not significant (P = 0.077). Children whose HAZ-score improved were comparable in their sociodemographic status with those children who remained stunted children. Conclusions Within five year period, there was reduction in stunting prevalence which was accompanied by increase in HAZ-score, hemoglobin level and reduction in worm infection rate. No difference was found in characteristics of children who recovered and remained stunted. Funding Sources Pintermidi Grant from Universitas Indonesia with contract number 1908/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2019.
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