For hybrid electric vehicles, supercapacitors are an attractive technology which, when used in conjunction with the batteries as a hybrid system, could solve the shortcomings of the battery. Supercapacitors would allow hybrid electric vehicles to achieve high efficiency and better power control. Supercapacitors possess very good power density. Besides this, their charge-discharge cycling stability and comparatively reasonable cost make them an incredible energy-storing device. The manufacturing strategy and the major parts like electrodes, current collector, binder, separator, and electrolyte define the performance of a supercapacitor. Among these, electrode materials play an important role when it comes to the performance of supercapacitors. They resolve the charge storage in the device and thus decide the capacitance. Porous carbon, conductive polymers, metal hydroxide, and metal oxides, which are some of the usual materials used for the electrodes in the supercapacitors, have some limits when it comes to energy density and stability. Major research in supercapacitors has focused on the design of stable, highly efficient electrodes with low cost. In this review, the most recent electrode materials used in supercapacitors are discussed. The challenges, current progress, and future development of supercapacitors are discussed as well. This study clearly shows that the performance of supercapacitors has increased considerably over the years and this has made them a promising alternative in the energy sector.
Abstract-The paper attempts to outlines the challenges and opportunities in development and use of cloud-based mobile learning. A brief definition of the mobile learning, its components and related technologies and devices is given. The specific characteristics of social media, big data and cloud computing are summarized in relation with their integration in the mobile learning and its transformation to a cloud-based environment. The paper could be useful as initial guidelines for organizing and managing the mobile learning process by cloud computing.
The paper presents a fuzzy logic approach to complex risk analysis in regard to each of the natural hazards for a given monitoring region. This approach is based on the available statistical data and the expert knowledge. The calculations of the complex risk are done for five regions in SW Bulgaria (Dupnitsa, Blagoevgrad, Simitli, Kresna and Sandanski). The proposed risk analysis is envisaged to be implemented as a part of a Web information system for risk management of natural disasters. Index Terms-risk analysis, fuzzy logic, natural hazards, Europe, SW Bulgaria
Abstract-The paper proposes an integrated approach for risk assessment of natural disasters using cloud computing, based on joint application of fuzzy logic models and an actuarial model. A hierarchical fuzzy logic system with several inputs and one output is designed. The risk assessment problem is defined as a multicriterial task that evaluates input variables (natural disaster indicators) and takes into account available information sources and the expert knowledge. The natural disaster indicators represent product of the probability of occurrence of a particular natural disaster and the aggregate loss caused by its action. The aggregate loss assessment is carried out by an actuarial model, more accurately, by the collective risk model. The main components of the collective risk model are discussed -the natural disaster magnitude (adverse events) and the negative consequences (severity of the damages). It is noted that the cloud computing is a model for providing on-demand Internet-based access to a shared pool of computing resources, including networks, storage and applications. The risk assessment results can support the state and local government to take more informed decisions regarding the efficient allocation of the available funding for the improvement of the population and infrastructure from natural disasters. The proposed fuzzy logic system with actuarial model is envisaged to be implemented as a part of an integrated information system for risk management of natural disasters in a cloud based environment. This system can be successfully used in e-government.Index Terms-Actuarial model, cloud computing, fuzzy logic model, natural disasters, risk assessment.
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