Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Current Progress

Abstract

For hybrid electric vehicles, supercapacitors are an attractive technology which, when used in conjunction with the batteries as a hybrid system, could solve the shortcomings of the battery. Supercapacitors would allow hybrid electric vehicles to achieve high efficiency and better power control. Supercapacitors possess very good power density. Besides this, their charge-discharge cycling stability and comparatively reasonable cost make them an incredible energy-storing device. The manufacturing strategy and the major parts like electrodes, current collector, binder, separator, and electrolyte define the performance of a supercapacitor. Among these, electrode materials play an important role when it comes to the performance of supercapacitors. They resolve the charge storage in the device and thus decide the capacitance. Porous carbon, conductive polymers, metal hydroxide, and metal oxides, which are some of the usual materials used for the electrodes in the supercapacitors, have some limits when it comes to energy density and stability. Major research in supercapacitors has focused on the design of stable, highly efficient electrodes with low cost. In this review, the most recent electrode materials used in supercapacitors are discussed. The challenges, current progress, and future development of supercapacitors are discussed as well. This study clearly shows that the performance of supercapacitors has increased considerably over the years and this has made them a promising alternative in the energy sector.

Electrodes Based on Se Anchored on NiCoP and Carbon Nanofibers for Flexible Energy Storage Devices

“…In the era of the 21st century, the world is witnessing an extensive development of novel electronic and optoelectronic devices, which entirely appeal to reliable power sources that combine higher energy density and long-term durability. , Thus, electronic devices put forward new challenges to the energy storage devices and technologies, where supercapacitors (SCs) have gained much attention as next-generation power storage sources mainly because of their safe operation, fast charge–discharge, and higher power density and longer cycle life than conventional batteries and fuel cells. − However, the main challenges lie in the development of flexible, high-energy-density, light-weight, heat-resistant SC devices. , From this standpoint, several scientific reports have been developed to construct electrodes with transition-metal oxides, hydroxides, selenides, sulfides, chalcogenides, nitrides, phosphides, etc. − In general, these are commonly known to be high-capacitive materials compared to classic electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) possessing C-containing electrodes. , Among them, transition-metal phosphides (TMPs) have attracted wide interest because of their abundant electron orbitals, high electrical conductivity, metalloid properties, partial oxidation state of the metal center, and decent binding of oxide intermediates through feeble surface phosphate formation, which cumulatively help to boost the capacitive performance. − In this aspect, Ni- and Co-based binary metal phosphide (NiCoP) has attracted attention as an electrode material for energy storage because of its accessible free electrons for electrical conduction as well as exposed high density of surface metal atoms that impart energetically favorable active centers. − In addition, it shows high redox kinetic behavior and the synergistic effect of both Co and Ni in bimetallic phosphides improved ionic conduction compared to their monometallic counterpart. , …”

“…In the era of the 21st century, the world is witnessing an extensive development of novel electronic and optoelectronic devices, which entirely appeal to reliable power sources that combine higher energy density and long-term durability. 1,2 Thus, electronic devices put forward new challenges to the energy storage devices and technologies, where supercapacitors (SCs) have gained much attention as next-generation power storage sources mainly because of their safe operation, fast charge−discharge, and higher power density and longer cycle life than conventional batteries and fuel cells. 3−5 However, the main challenges lie in the development of flexible, high-energydensity, light-weight, heat-resistant SC devices.…”

Nanostructured 2D WS2@PANI nanohybrids for electrochemical energy storage

“…Electrochemical energy storage is a central topic in current technology-oriented research ( Zhang, 2013 ; Dutta et al, 2022 ) and the need to develop devices for different type of applications, ranging from automotive ( Xu et al, 2020 ; Rajagopal et al, 2022 ) up to wearable electronics ( Sumboja et al, 2018 ) and health monitoring platforms ( Chen et al, 2020 ), triggers the continuous search for novel active materials that can satisfy these variable price and performance/durability demands. In this context, two-dimensional (2D) materials are attracting considerable attention, due to their high surface area and highly tunable electronic and electrochemical properties ( Cui et al, 2020 ), as well as convenient methods for their large scale production.…”

Efficient Recovery Annealing of the Pseudocapacitive Electrode with a High Loading of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles for Hybrid Supercapacitor Applications

“…They exhibit a much higher capacitance for pulse power and higher energy densities when compared to previous types. Hybrid supercapacitors have been intensively developing recently, and a number of reviews are devoted to promising materials and device structures for creating hybrid supercapacitors [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”