Since the development of the first antibiotic medication, penicillin (1928), a range of antibiotic and antimicrobial agents have been produced and used for both human and industrial applications. However, excess and excessive use of antibiotics has led to a major increase in the number of drug-resistant pathogens. There is a strong demand for novel therapeutic approaches to substitute inefficient antibiotics to address rising microbial multidrug resistance. The invention of nanomaterials as modern antimicrobials creates a new model for antibiotic use in diverse areas. Among the numerous nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles have earned a great deal of interest due to their unique antimicrobial properties. Overall, the results highlight that antibacterial resistance activity of silver nanoparticles from domestic herbs plant of Zingiber officinale var. Extract of rubrum (ZO-AgNPs) and Aloe vera L. Extract (AV-AgNPs) are potentially effective in inhibiting the development of Metichillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. In addition, the formation of AgNPs was observed and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy at peak ranges 353 – 479 nm, with diameters ranging from 10 – 20 d/nm to 70 – 90 d/nm for both Aloe vera and Red Ginger respectively.
The highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus has been causing outbreaks in several regions in Indonesia, which is followed by high human casualties. It is panzootic virus in poultry and continues to spread and pose a major challenge to health in both animal and human. The H5N1 virus is considered as a serious pandemic threat which has potentially to re-endemic over time. This is proven by mutation of the H5N1 avian influenza virus in the globe. This study aims to investigate the distribution, prevalence, and transmission of avian influenza virus (H5N1) in Sumatera. In a retrospective analysis of 136 samples of H5N1 HA (Hemagglutinin) cds between 2004 and 2016. We present a phylogenetic approach with Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree analysis and Bayesian molecular clock-like-lines, to reconstruct the molecular epidemiology of DNA sequences of H5N1 virus isolated from Sumatera. Overall, the distribution was distinguished into 7 clades, with prevalence detected at 9 out of 13 regions in Sumatera, and all the transmission was originated from outside the island. The spread of H5N1 avian influenza on Sumatera is not linear and homogeneous. Therefore, it has shown a significant change in the variant that currently exists with the original species.
Green Nanotechnology utilizing various plant extracts (phytogenic) has widely known and proven as ecofriendly and inexpensive scientific approach with numerous potentials in medical treatments. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been commonly used in home cleaning products, wound dressing and antimicrobial coating for medical equipment. Furthermore, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. (AC) is an exotic tropical fruit, found abundantly in Riau Province. It is rich on bromelain enzyme in addition to its potential as antibacterial, antioxidant as well as anticancer. Contrarily, utilization of waste from plants, fruits and food as alternative natural reduction and capping agents from metal ion nanoparticles is still being developed. Combining these two elements has an immense potential as an effective alternative therapeutic substance in the near future. The purpose of this research is to analyze AgNPs from AC by characterizing the product of biosynthesis. Furthermore, this research will also observe antimicrobial activity of AC-AgNPs against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As a result, the biosynthesis produced AC-AgNPs which showed the ability to inhibit the growth of MRSA with an average of 10.59 mm, 20% more effective compared to pure AC extract. AC-AgNPs formation were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy in the interval of 439– 486 nm.
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